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The scope of allergy risk is diverse considering the myriad ways in which protein allergenicity is affected by physiochemical characteristics of proteins. The complexity created by the matrices of foods and the variability of the human immune system add additional challenges to understanding the relationship between sensitization potential and allergy disease. To address these and other issues, an April 2012 international symposium was held in Prague, Czech Republic, to review and discuss the state-of-the-science of sensitizing properties of protein allergens. The symposium, organized by the Protein Allergenicity Technical Committee of the International Life Sciences Institute's Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, featured presentations on current methods, test systems, research trends, and unanswered questions in the field of protein sensitization. A diverse group of over 70 interdisciplinary scientists from academia, government, and industry participated in the symposium. Experts provided overviews on known mechanisms by which proteins in food may cause sensitization, discussed experimental models to predict protein sensitizing potential, and explored whether such experimental techniques may be applicable in regulatory settings. Three accompanying reviews address critical factors and methods for assessing allergic sensitization: 1) food-and protein-related factors; 2) host-specific factors and 3) screening methods, i.e., the ability of experimental models to predict the sensitizing potential of proteins and whether such models are applicable within regulatory settings.

Abstract The scope of allergy risk is diverse considering the myriad ways in which protein allergenicity is affected by physiochemical characteristics of proteins. The complexity created by the matrices of foods and the variability of the human immune system add additional challenges to understanding the relationship between sensitization potential and allergy disease. To address these and other issues, an April 2012 international symposium was held in Prague, Czech Republic, to review and discuss the state-of-the-science of sensitizing properties of protein allergens. The symposium, organized by the Protein Allergenicity Technical Committee of the International Life Sciences Institute's Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, featured presentations on current methods, test systems, research trends, and unanswered questions in the field of protein sensitization. A diverse group of over 70 interdisciplinary scientists from academia, government, and industry participated in the symposium. Experts provided overviews on known mechanisms by which proteins in food may cause sensitization, discussed experimental models to predict protein sensitizing potential, and explored whether such experimental techniques may be applicable in regulatory settings. Three accompanying reviews address critical factors and methods for assessing allergic sensitization: 1) food-and protein-related factors; 2) host-specific factors and 3) screening methods, i.e. , the ability of experimental models to predict the sensitizing potential of proteins and whether such models are applicable within regulatory settings.

Studying institutional discourses between clients and social workers could strengthen reflections on social work practices by asking: What definitions of the situation do the partners talk from? What content do the partners wish to communicate and could there be considerable differences between the two of them? Why are the partners using specific forms of talk and what does that meta-communicate? Are they developing working agreements and tuning into each other or are communication complicated by contributors speaking from diverse footing and frames? This article explores some of these issues.

The electrophilic nature of some contact sensitizers, that is, chemicals that cause allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), is also characteristic of genotoxic tumorigens. Electrophiles can adduct protein, which is the basis for ACD, as well as DNA, which is the basis for mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. This suggests that some electrophilic contact sensitizers may be genotoxic tumorigens. To further investigate this matter, we evaluated 146 chemicals that had been bioassayed for tumorigenicity and mutagenicity in the National Toxicology Program, with an analysis of structure‐activity relationships for contact sensitization. Using the data from this analysis and from other sources, the proportion of the contact sensitizers that were both mutagenic and tumorigenic was found to range from 20% to 28%. This finding suggests that there may be in the order of 90 genotoxic tumorigens for rodents among the approximately 384 chemicals that have been validated as contact sensitizers for humans.

Abstract
Theories in the sociology of religion do more than identify the patterns that shape religious life. They also systematically hide other patterns from easy view. This often stems from the unexamined assumptions that each theory inherits from its cultural and historical context. This address presents three examples from the sociology of religion's recent past. The first is an "underlying forces" theory that traces religious developments to long-term social trends. The second is an "individual-based modeling" theory that bases social outcomes on individual actions. The third is a "response-to-loss" theory, which connects religious innovation to unwanted social change. Each sees, and fails to see, different things. The address then examines some approaches to globalization, showing their presumption of the centrality of the developed West. Recent work on religions in the Global South, however, paints a different picture. The post-colonial patterns found there may well shape religion worldwide in ways that our current theories fail to see.

Reports on contact sensitization to disperse dyes are increasing, although its true incidence is not known. In fact, the diagnosis of textile contact dermatitis may be difficult because of its clinical polymorphism, including unusual clinical patterns and unexpected localizations. This review summarizes literature data referring to clinical aspects of allergic dermatitis due to disperse dyes and presents our data on this issue. Based on our findings, two different clinical subtypes of disperse dye dermatitis can be identified: an 'eczematous' and an 'oedematous plaque' type. The former is characterized by eczematous lesions in patients sensitized to disperse dyes, but frequently to other haptens too. The 'oedematous-plaque' type, mainly associated with disperse blue sensitization, includes unusual clinical aspects. However, its localization to skin sites of friction or sweating may induce the suspicion of a textile dye dermatitis.