Suchergebnisse

AbstractPurpose of science and technology (ST) in Arab countries is far from nourishing socio‐economic development. The activities of ST in Arab countries were directed for prestige and propaganda rather than into socio‐economic development. Arab countries have not produced a critical mass of full time equivalent researchers. The weaknesses of the national ST systems in the Arab region have drastically reduced the benefits derived from the investments made in economic infrastructure. The Arab countries need to adopt strategies to improve their ST capabilities in ways that promote the technological development necessary for sustained economic growth. Arab countries should not blindly imitate other countries, but should identify and leverage their own unique resources. All universities and research institutes in the region need to be re‐envisioned. Research institute and university activities need to be market‐driven. Initiatives targeting the networking between research and industry need to be developed. Monitoring the state of ST becomes a major challenge for the Arab countries in their endeavours for developing knowledge based economy. Each Arab country needs to establish and run its own ST national observatory. A proper ethics monitoring system needs to be developed. Developing and activating ethical code and strengthening research ethics committees will improve monitoring ethical issues which may arise in the course of work by the academic staff in the universities and research institutes. However, an ethics monitoring system needs to be kept rigorously outside the control of ST institutes.

There has been considerable effort in the last decade to increase the participation of women in engineering through various policies. However, there has been little empirical research on gender disparities in engineering which help underpin the effective preparation, co-ordination, and implementation of the science and technology (S&T) policies. This article aims to present a comprehensive gendered analysis of engineering publications across different specialties and provide a cross-gender analysis of research output and scientific impact of engineering researchers in academic, governmental, and industrial sectors. For this purpose, 679,338 engineering articles published from 2008 to 2013 are extracted from the Web of Science database and 974,837 authorships are analyzed. The structures of co-authorship collaboration networks in different engineering disciplines are examined, highlighting the role of female scientists in the diffusion of knowledge. The findings reveal that men dominate 80% of all the scientific production in engineering. Women engineers publish their papers in journals with higher Impact Factors than their male peers, but their work receives lower recognition (fewer citations) from the scientific community. Engineers —regardless of their gender—contribute to the reproduction of the male-dominated scientific structures through forming and repeating their collaborations predominantly with men. The results of this study call for integration of data driven gender-related policies in existing S&T discourse.

There has been considerable effort in the last decade to increase the participation of women in engineering through various policies. However, there has been little empirical research on gender disparities in engineering which help underpin the effective preparation, co-ordination, and implementation of the science and technology (S&T) policies. This article aims to present a comprehensive gendered analysis of engineering publications across different specialties and provide a cross-gender analysis of research output and scientific impact of engineering researchers in academic, governmental, and industrial sectors. For this purpose, 679,338 engineering articles published from 2008 to 2013 are extracted from the Web of Science database and 974,837 authorships are analyzed. The structures of co-authorship collaboration networks in different engineering disciplines are examined, highlighting the role of female scientists in the diffusion of knowledge. The findings reveal that men dominate 80% of all the scientific production in engineering. Women engineers publish their papers in journals with higher Impact Factors than their male peers, but their work receives lower recognition (fewer citations) from the scientific community. Engineers —regardless of their gender—contribute to the reproduction of the male-dominated scientific structures through forming and repeating their collaborations predominantly with men. The results of this study call for integration of data driven gender-related policies in existing S&T discourse.

In the scientific environment of Ukraine and Romania, the problems of research related to the institutionalization of historical anthroponimics as a systemic scientific field of knowledge, the development of its general theoretical basis have recently become relevant. The purpose of the article is to analyze the features of historical anthroponimics as a scientific system of knowledge in the context of Ukrainian and Romanian research. Research methods: general or philosophical: dialectical, synergetic, analytical; general scientific: theoretical (analysis, synthesis, generalization, systematization, system approach), empirical (study of sources, comparison, description, etc.); specially scientific or linguistic: descriptive, structural, typological. Scientific novelty lies in the formation ofinstitutional scientific and theoretical foundations of historical anthroponimics as a scientific system. Conclusions. The study allows to interpret historical anthroponimics as a synergetic and information-innovative scientific system that combines a system of knowledge about personal names, the sphere of scientific and cognitive activity of man, a social institution with its infrastructure and functions. A detailed study of various anthroponymicons creates opportunities for linguistic, visual, sound, and others modeling the development of people's personal names and the results of human thinking in this regard, knowledge of language issues, cultural history. Prospects for further research are related to improving the theoretical foundations of historical anthroponimics as a systemic scientific field, their application to the study of anthroponyms of the regions of Ukraine and Romania.

Villanueva, E. F. (2002). La articulación entre sistema científico y sistema universitario: ¿es un dilema? Redes, 10(19), 25-41. ; El trabajo se concentra en explorar las dificultades de articulación entre el subsistema científico y el académico. Se afirma una "articulación de hecho" entre ambos subsistemas, articulación dada desde actores que comparten ambos subsistemas, reflejo de la debilidad, la discontinuidad y el silencio estatal en materia de política científica. Se destaca que ambos subsistemas están integrados por casi los mismos actores, y se reflexiona acerca los encuentros y desencuentros de sus discursos y de sus acciones, como elemento central del análisis. Para realizar dicho análisis el trabajo se organiza en dos partes: la primera, muestra algunos datos que permiten entrever una mayor conexión posible, sobre todo porque docentes, instituciones y presupuestos son compartidos por ambos ámbitos, el académico y el científico tecnológico. Sin embargo, se sabe que esta articulación se presenta en la realidad en forma limitada o casi inexistente. En la segunda parte del trabajo, se reflexiona acerca de las limitaciones para la articulación, y se intenta esbozar algunos comentarios que expliquen los motivos de la falta de interacción entre ambos subsistemas. ; This paper explores the difficulties in articulating scientific and academy subsystems. Articulation is visualised as derived from the fact that actors share both subsystems as a result of weakness, discontinuity and government silence in terms of science policy. Both subsystems are composed of the same actors and these paper centres as a focal point of the analysis both agreements and disagreements of their discourses and actions. The paper is organised in two parts. The first displays data which shows that both subsystems are connected as they share staff (academics and researchers), schools and even budgets. In spite of this we know that, in reality, this articulation is limited or almost non existent. The second part of the paper discusses the limitations for these articulations, outlining some of the reasons that may explain the absence of interaction between both subsystems.

In recent years a number of studies have addressed the topic of the economic crisis of Argentina in 2001, and its repercussions upon the political, social, and institutional systems of the country. However, no studies to date have analyzed the effects of the crisis upon the country ́s scientific system from a scientometric perspective, with an analysis of the resources dedicated to scientific activity as well as the final results in terms of output and impact. The present study attempts to show the effects of the 2001 crisis upon the scientific system by means of a set of scientometric indicators that reflect economic effort, human resources dedicated to research, publications, collaborative relations, and the international visibility of scientific contributions.

In recent years a number of studies have focused on Argentina's 2001 economic crisis and its political, social, and institutional repercussions. To date, however, no studies have analyzed its effects upon the country's scientific system from a scientometric perspective, in terms of resources dedicated to scientific activity and the final output and impact. The present study does so by means of a set of scientometric indicators that reflect economic effort, human resources dedicated to research, publications, collaborative relations, and the international visibility of scientific contributions. ; Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación

Abstract

CODESRIA Scientific Committee Members, 2018

This note outlines the approach and methods of a study made by a research team under the author's direction, identifies key problems, and concludes that methods now used in Western studies cannot help us predict "breakthroughs" by Soviet scientists. Professor Walsh, chairman of the department of history at Syracuse University, promises a sequel article on a subsequent approach to the same problem.

Chapter. 1. Introduction -- Chapter. 2. System-Scientific Methods -- Chapter. 3. Cognitive Capacities for Designing, Operating, Supervising, and Securing Complex Systems -- Chapter. 4. Review of System-Scientific Perspectives for Analysis, Exploitation, and Mitigation of Cognitive Vulnerabilities -- Chapter. 5. ADVERT: Defending against Reactive Attention Attacks -- Chapter. 6. RADAMS: Defending against Proactive Attention Attacks -- Chapter. 7. Summary and Conclusions.