Suchergebnisse

Historically, the rickettsioses have a track record of making substantial impact on mankind in military activities and international public health over the past centuries [.]

Background: Rickettsial diseases are re-emerging in India. Acute undifferentiated febrile illness is a difficult case to treat (AUFI). The greatest problem for clinicians is the early diagnosis of these diseases when antibiotic therapy is most successful.To determine the prevalence of RDs, therapy outcomes, and socio-demographic factors associated with RDs in AUFI. Patients and Methods: Fever and/or clinical signs of Rickettsial infection in patients admitted to the CIMS teaching hospital in Chamarajanagar for four years. Purposive sampling found AUFI in 1638 people. The diagnosis of rickettsial disease relied on clinical features. The Weil-Felix test was one. Then came a 48–72-hour estimate of doxycycline response. Results:Out of 1810 AUFI cases, 198 (10.93%) were rickettsial, with 190 (95.95%) having an RGA score of 14 or more, and 18 (9.09%) having an RGA score of 14 or less. Males aged 30-40 were most affected. Leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, etc. were found. Doxycycline was effective in 151 (89.35%) of cases within one week of onset. The remaining 18 (10.65%) required longer-term doxycycline with other drugs, three had severe complications, and one died. RD prevalence 70.01 %. Enteric fever, Dengue fever, Chikungunya fever, and Rickettsial diseases were the most common diseases diagnosed in patients with undifferentiated febrile illness.

Abstract Background Military personnel deployed in field actvities report on frequent tick bites. Therefore they may run the risk of exposure to rickettsial organisms. Methods In order to assess the risk of exposure to rickettsial organisms, two groups of military personnel who were deployed in field activities of Nothern Sri Lanka were investigated. The first group was studied in order to assess the sero-prevalence of rickettsioses and consisted of soldiers who were admitted following injuries during field activities. The second group was studied to identify the incidence of acute rickettsioses during their acute febrile presentations. They were tested with IFA-IgG against spotted fever group rickettsioses (SFG), scrub typhus (ST) and murine typhus. Results In the first group, 48/57 (84%) military personnel had serological evidence of exposure to rickettsioses (in all, IFA-IgG titer ≥ 1:128): 33/50 (66%) to SFG rickettsioses, 1/50 (2%) to ST and 14/50 (28%) had mixed titers for both (in all, titers were higher for SFG). While all of them were in military uniform most of the time and frequently slept on scrub land, 35/57 (61.4%) had never used insect repellents and none were on doxycycline prophylaxis. 48/57 (84%) had experienced tick bites during field activity. In the second group, there were 49 who presented with acute febrile illness with a mean duration of 8.5 days (SD 3.2). 33/49 (67.3%) were serologically positive for acute rickettsioses (IgG ≥1:256); 26 (79%) due to ST and 7 (21%) due to SFG rickettsioses, Conclusions Exposure to rickettsial disease was common among soldiers who were deployed in Northern Sri Lanka. Scrub typhus was the predominent species accounting for acute febrile illness. Further studies are needed to understand the reasons for very high sero-prevalence for SFG rickettsioses with no anticedent febrile illness. Use of preventive measures was not satisfactory. The high sero-prevelence of SFG rickettsioses is likely to interfere with serological diagnosis of acute SFG rickettsioses in this population.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Dedication -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Editors' Notes -- Acronyms -- 1 Introduction -- PART ONE The Physical and Socioeconomic Environment, the Population, Nutrition, and Disasters -- 2 Movement Toward Modernization: A Century of Progress -- 3 The Physical and Biotic Environment -- 4 Population -- 5 The Economy, with Particular Reference to the Agricultural Sector -- 6 Food, Diet, and Nutrition -- 7 Famine and Malnutrition -- 8 Health Impacts of War -- PART TWO Health Services and Sexually Transmitted and Other Nonvectored Diseases -- 9 Modern Health Services -- 10 Traditional Medicine -- 11 Water Supply and Sanitation -- 12 Childhood Diseases and Immunization -- 13 Acute Childhood Diarrhea -- 14 Viral Hepatitis -- 15 Intestinal Parasitism -- 16 Eye Diseases and Blindness -- 17 Leprosy -- 18 Tuberculosis -- 19 Meningococcal Meningitis -- 20 Sexually Transmitted Diseases -- 21 Social Aspects of Obstetrics and Gynecology -- 22 AIDS -- PART THREE Vector-Borne Diseases -- 23 Malaria -- 24 Trypanosomiasis -- 25 Onchocerciasis -- 26 Leishmaniasis -- 27 Yellow Fever and Other Arboviral Diseases -- 28 Relapsing Fever -- 29 Typhus and Other Rickettsial Diseases -- 30 Schistosomiasis -- PART FOUR Chronic Noninfectious Diseases, Injuries, Mental Health, and Other Health Problems -- 31 Chronic Noninfectious Diseases of Adults -- 32 Diabetes Mellitus -- 33 Podoconiosis (Nonfilarial Elephantiasis) -- 34 Fluorosis -- 35 Dental Health -- 36 Unintentional and Intentional Injuries -- 37 Neurological Disorders -- 38 Mental Illness -- 39 Other Diseases -- 40 Conclusion: Prospects of the Future -- Index -- Contributors.

Includes index. ; Title from cover. ; General -- Surgical emergencies -- Medical emergencies -- Diagnosis and treatment of venereal diseases -- Chemotherapy and serotherapy in certain infectious diseases -- Treatment and control of certain tropical diseases -- Rickettsial diseases. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Typewritten letter from Roger G. Prentiss, Jr., Lieut. Col., Medical Corps to Dr. P.C. Lowery pasted to inside front cover and t.p.

Microbial biomolecules : challenges to control and prevent vector borne diseases / Madangchanok Imchen, Jamseel Parammal, Eswara Rao and Ranjith Kumavath -- The autodissemination: current and future potential in the application of entomopathogens against mosquito-borne diseases / Mario A Rodríguez-Pérez and Filiberto Reyes-Villanueva -- The inhibition of mosquito vectors of malaria and filaria using the marine microorganisms and their associated compounds / A. Vishnu Kirthi and L. Karthik -- Entomopathogenic fungi mediated biocontrol mechanism against mosquito vectors : recent trends and future perspectives / Subhaswaraj Pattnaik, Parasuraman Paramanandham, Siddhardha Busi -- Bioprospecting of fungal metabolites for mosquito control / Perumal Vivekanandhan, Murugan Arunthirumeni, Govindraj Vengateshwari and Muthugounder Subramanian Shivakumar -- Mosquito larvicidal property of mycogenic silver nanoparticles derived from Aspergillus niger against Culex quinquefasciatus / M.Poornima, G.Kanimozhi and A.Panneerselvam -- Larval toxicity of entomopathogenic bacteria Bacillus cereus against Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes / Chinnasamy Ragavendran and Devarajan Natarajan -- Natural weapons used against dengue vector mosquito, Aedes aegypti / Nilufer Orhan and Didem Deliorman Orhan -- Paratransgenesis involving microbes : the new avenue for the control of vector borne diseases / Vitthalrao B. Khyade and Brij Kishor Tyagi -- Microbial control of mosquito borne disease : summary on researches from Thailand / Viroj Wiwanitkit -- Biocontrol potential of symbiotic Bacterium wolbachia against mosquito borne diseases / Saikat Mandal, Bhaskar Biswas -- Wolbachia an effective biocontrol agent / Sankaranarayanan, A., Amaresan Natarajan and Jinal H Naik -- Microorganisms in the management of mosquito vectors : a sustainable eco-friendly approach / Sajal Bhattacharya and Probal Basu -- Microbiota of mid-gut of important disease vector mosquitoes in India and their role in disease control / Kamlesh Kumar Yadav, Kshitij Chandel & Vijay Veer -- A review of control of blood sucking parasites by marine actinomycetes- derived compounds / K.Kannabiran -- Cyanobacterial toxins as biolarvicides for blood sucking vector / Reehana Nazar, Mohamed Imran Mohamed Yousuff, Thajuddin Nooruddin and Dhanasekaran Dharumadurai -- The genetically altered microbes and viruses in control of mosquito borne diseases / Amrita Kumari -- Antileishmanial compounds from microbial sources for the prevention of leishmaniasis / Amaresan Natarajan, Jinal H. Naik, A. Sankaranarayanan -- Biological control of aquatic snail borne diseases (schistosomiasis) / Mohamudha Parveen Rahamathulla -- Microbial approaches for black fly targeted onchocerciasis control / S. Anbalagan -- Effective microbial compounds for controlling flea-borne rickettsial diseases / Arunachalam Chinnathambi and Mathrubutham Ravikumar

"These recommendations update information concerning the vaccine and antiviral agents available for controlling influenza during the 1998-99 influenza season (superseding MMWR 1997;46{No. RR-9:1-25}). The principal changes include a) information about the influenza virus strains included in the trivalent vaccine for 1998-99, b) more detailed information about influenza-associated rates of hospitalization, and c) updated information on the possible relationship between Guillain-Barre syndrome and influenza vaccination." - p. 1 ; May 1, 1998. ; The following CDC staff members prepared this report: Nancy H. Arden, Hector S. Izurieta, Keiji Fukuda, Nancy J. Cox, Lawrence B. Schonberger, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases. ; "U.S. Government Printing Office: 1998-633-228/67072 Region IV."--P. [4] of cover. ; Also available via the World Wide Web. ; Includes bibliographical references (p. 21-26).

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.-- et al. ; Tudor staphylococcal nuclease (Tudor-SN) and Argonaute (Ago) are conserved components of the basic RNA interference (RNAi) machinery with a variety of functions including immune response and gene regulation. The RNAi machinery has been characterized in tick vectors of human and animal diseases but information is not available on the role of Tudor- SN in tick RNAi and other cellular processes. Our hypothesis is that tick Tudor-SN is part of the RNAi machinery and may be involved in innate immune response and other cellular processes. To address this hypothesis, Ixodes scapularis and I. ricinus ticks and/or cell lines were used to annotate and characterize the role of Tudor-SN in dsRNA-mediated RNAi, immune response to infection with the rickettsia Anaplasma phagocytophilum and the flaviviruses TBEV or LGTV and tick feeding. The results showed that Tudor-SN is conserved in ticks and involved in dsRNA-mediated RNAi and tick feeding but not in defense against infection with the examined viral and rickettsial pathogens. The effect of Tudor-SN gene knockdown on tick feeding could be due to down-regulation of genes that are required for protein processing and blood digestion through a mechanism that may involve selective degradation of dsRNAs enriched in G:U pairs that form as a result of adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing. These results demonstrated that Tudor-SN plays a role in tick RNAi pathway and feeding but no strong evidence for a role in innate immune responses to pathogen infection was found. ; This research was supported by grants BFU2011-23896 and the European Union FP7 ANTIGONE project number 278976 (JdlF). NA was funded by Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia, Spain. VN was funded by the European Social Fund and the Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha (Program FSE 2007–2013), Spain. RS was supported by the project Postdok_BIOGLOBE (CZ.1.07/2.3.00/30.0032) and by the Grant 13-12816P (GA CR). OH was supported by the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic grant no. 13-27630P and European Union FP7 MODBIOLIN project number 316304. CR and LBS were supported by the United Kingdom Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council's National Capability Grant to the Pirbright Institute. ; Peer Reviewed

Scrub typhus and the rickettsial diseases represent some of the oldest recognized vector-transmitted diseases, fraught with a rich historical aspect, particularly as applied to military/wartime situations. The vectors of Orientia tsutsugamushi were once thought to be confined to an area designated as the Tsutsugamushi Triangle. However, recent reports of scrub typhus caused by Orientia species other than O. tsutsugamushi well beyond the limits of the Tsutsugamushi Triangle have triggered concerns about the worldwide presence of scrub typhus. It is not known whether the vectors of O. tsutsugamushi will be the same for the new Orientia species, and this should be a consideration during outbreak/surveillance investigations. Additionally, concerns surrounding the antibiotic resistance of O. tsutsugamushi have led to considerations for the amendment of treatment protocols, and the need for enhanced public health awareness in both the civilian and medical professional communities. In this review, we discuss the history, outbreaks, antibiotic resistance, and burgeoning genomic advances associated with one of the world's oldest recognized vector-borne pathogens, O. tsutsugamushi.

Scrub typhus and the rickettsial diseases represent some of the oldest recognized vector-transmitted diseases, fraught with a rich historical aspect, particularly as applied to military/wartime situations. The vectors of Orientia tsutsugamushi were once thought to be confined to an area designated as the Tsutsugamushi Triangle. However, recent reports of scrub typhus caused by Orientia species other than O. tsutsugamushi well beyond the limits of the Tsutsugamushi Triangle have triggered concerns about the worldwide presence of scrub typhus. It is not known whether the vectors of O. tsutsugamushi will be the same for the new Orientia species, and this should be a consideration during outbreak/surveillance investigations. Additionally, concerns surrounding the antibiotic resistance of O. tsutsugamushi have led to considerations for the amendment of treatment protocols, and the need for enhanced public health awareness in both the civilian and medical professional communities. In this review, we discuss the history, outbreaks, antibiotic resistance, and burgeoning genomic advances associated with one of the world's oldest recognized vector-borne pathogens, O. tsutsugamushi.

We performed indirect immunofluorescence assays (IFAs) to compare levels of IgM and IgG antibodies to Orientia tsutsugamushi and Rickettsia typhi in admission-phase serum samples and filter paper blood spots (assayed immediately and stored at 5.4°C and 29°C for 30 days) collected on the same day from 53 adults with suspected scrub typhus and murine typhus admitted to Mahosot Hospital Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic. The sensitivities and specificities of admission-phase filter paper blood spots in comparison to paired sera were between 91% and 95% and 87% and 100%, respectively, for the diagnosis of scrub typhus and murine typhus. The classification of patients as having or not having typhus did not significantly differ after storage of the blood spots for 30 days (P > 0.4) at 5.4°C and 29°C. Because filter paper blood samples do not require sophisticated and expensive storage and transport, they may be an appropriate specimen collection technique for the diagnosis of rickettsial disease in the rural tropics.

We found that 14.3% (15/105) of Amblyomma maculatum and 3.3% (10/299) of Dermacentor variabilis ticks collected at 3 high-use military training sites in west-central Kentucky and northern Tennessee, USA, were infected with Rickettsia parkeri and Rickettsia montanensis, respectively. These findings warrant regional increased public health awareness for rickettsial pathogens and disease.

Heartwater, caused by the rickettsial organism Cowdria ruminantium, is a serious constraint to livestock development in much of sub-Saharan Africa. Traditionally, the disease has been controlled by the use of chemical acaricides to control the vector tick. The University of Florida/USAID-supported heartwater research project (based in Zimbabwe) is developing a new inactivated vaccine to control the disease. In order that the vaccine is used effectively, the project has been studying the epidemiology of the disease in different livestock production systems of Zimbabwe, and evaluating the economic impact of the disease and of its future control using a vaccine such as the one under development. Initially, field studies were conducted to characterise the communal and commercial livestock-productions systems at risk from heartwater and to understand the epidemiology of the disease. The data from these studies were then applied to an infection-dynamics model of heartwater which was used to provide estimates of disease incidence and impact under various scenarios over a period of 10 yr. Two principal outputs of the epidemiological model (cumulative annual heartwater incidence and infection-fatality proportion) were key inputs into an economics model. The estimated total annual national losses amount to Z$ 61.3 million (US$ 5.6 million) in discounted value terms over 10 yr. Annual economic losses per animal in the commercial production system (Z$ 56 discounted values) are 25 times greater than the losses in the communal system (Z$ 2.2). The greatest component of economic loss is acaricide cost (76 percent), followed by milk loss (18 percent) and treatment cost (5 percent). Losses in outputs other than milk (beef traction and manure) appear to be minimal. A new vaccine has the promise of a benefit: cost ratio of about 2.4: 1 in the communal and 7.6 : 1 in the commercial system. A control strategy based on a new vaccine would yield additional non-financial benefits to farmers and the government resulting from reductions in the use of chemical acaricides.

A total of 167 ticks collected from humans in Istanbul (Turkey) in 2006 were screened for Rickettsia species, and nested PCRs targeting gltA and ompA rickettsial fragment genes were carried out. Rickettsia monacensis (51), R. aeschlimannii (8), R. conorii subsp. conorii (3), R. helvetica (2), R. raoultii (1), R. africae (1), R. felis (1), and other Rickettsia spp. (2), were detected. To our knowledge, these Rickettsia species (except R. conorii) had never been reported in ticks removed from humans in Turkey. The presence of R. africae also had not been previously described, either in Hyalomma ticks or in any European tick species. In addition, R. aeschlimannii and R. felis had not been found associated with Rhipicephalus bursa specimens. The presence of human pathogenic Rickettsia in ticks removed from humans provides information about the risk of tick-borne rickettsioses in Turkey. ; TUBITAK-SBAGTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [108S171]; Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIInstituto de Salud Carlos IIIEuropean Commission [EMER 07/033]; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (Spain)Spanish Government; Fundacion Rioja Salud [FRS/PIF-01/10] ; Tick collection and identification studies were supported by TUBITAK-SBAG (108S171). Detection of Rickettsia species was supported by a grant from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III'' (EMER 07/033), and Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (Spain). Fundacion Rioja Salud awarded a grant to A.M. Palomar for her doctoral thesis (FRS/PIF-01/10).

INTRODUCTION: Acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) is a major public health enigma in India and the world. Uttar Pradesh (UP) is witnessing recurrent and extensive seasonal AES outbreaks since 1978. Government of India and UP state government have devised various mitigation measures to reduce AES burden and AES associated mortality, morbidity and disability in Uttar Pradesh. The aim of this study was to describe the public health measures taken in order to control seasonal outbreaks of AES in UP between 1978 and 2020. METHODS: We used literature review as a method of analysis, including the Indian government policy documents. This review utilized search engines such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Research Gate, Cochrane, Medline to retrieve articles and information using strategic keywords related to Acute Encephalitis Syndrome. Data was also collected from progress reports of government schemes and websites of Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) and Integrated Disease Surveillance Programmes (IDSP). RESULTS: The incidence of AES cases in UP have declined from 18.2 per million population during 2005-2009 to 15 per million population during 2015-2019 [CI 12.6–20.6, P-value < 0.001] and case fatality rate (CFR) reduced from 33% during 1980-1984 to 12.6% during 2015-2019 [CI 17.4–30.98, P-value < 0.001]. AES incidence was 9 (2019) and 7 (2020) cases per million populations respectively and CFR was 5.8% (2019) and 5% (2020). This decline was likely due to active surveillance programs identifying aetiological agents and risk factors of AES cases. The identified etiologies of AES include Japanese encephalitis virus (5–20%), Enterovirus (0.1–33%), Orientia tsutsugamushi (45–60%) and other viral (0.2–4.2%), bacterial (0–5%) and Rickettsial (0.5–2%) causes. The aggressive immunization programs against Japanese encephalitis with vaccination coverage of 72.3% in UP helped in declining of JE cases in the region. The presumptive treatment of febrile cases with ...