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Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editors -- 1: Waste Recycling for the Eco-friendly Input Use Efficiency in Agriculture and Livestock Feeding -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Waste Resources Integration -- 1.2.1 Crop-Livestock System -- 1.2.2 Human Wastes -- 1.2.3 Rural/Peri-urban Approach -- 1.3 Improving the Use of Agricultural Wastes -- 1.3.1 Insect -- 1.3.2 Biogas -- 1.4 Wastewater -- 1.4.1 Productive Use of Wastewater from the Cassava Processing Industry -- 1.4.2 Wastewater from the Livestock -- 1.5 Nutrient Recovery/Recycling Methods -- 1.5.1 Composting and Vermicomposting -- 1.5.1.1 Use of Human Feces Through Composting and Vermicomposting -- 1.5.1.2 Vermicomposting of Agricultural Waste -- 1.5.1.3 Enrichment of Manure through Co-Composting -- 1.5.2 Soil Amendment with Abattoir and Slaughterhouse Waste -- 1.5.3 Biochar -- 1.5.3.1 Biochar from Animal Manure -- 1.5.3.2 Biochar from Crop Waste -- 1.5.3.3 Biochar on Plant Performance -- 1.6 Fungi as a Source for Improving the Resource Use Efficiency of Crop Residue -- 1.6.1 Fungi on Crop Residue Quality -- 1.6.2 Fungi on Greenhouse Gases Mitigation -- 1.6.3 Edible Fungi (Mushroom) -- 1.6.3.1 Mushroom Growth/Fortification with Animal Waste/By-Product -- 1.6.3.2 Mushroom Waste and Spent Substrates -- 1.7 Waste and Their Use in Livestock Feeding -- 1.7.1 Cassava and Fruit Waste -- 1.7.2 Antinutritional Factor/Plant Metabolite Removal -- 1.7.3 Kitchen and Dairy Waste -- 1.8 Nitrogen and Phosphorus Recovery and Release -- 1.8.1 Phosphorus Use: Recovery and Release -- 1.8.2 Controlled Release of Nitrogen -- 1.9 Microlivestock Farming -- 1.9.1 Snail Farming -- 1.9.2 Rabbits Farming -- 1.9.3 Grasscutter -- 1.10 Phytotherapy -- 1.11 Conclusions -- 1.12 Future Perspectives -- References -- 2: Earthworms for Eco-friendly Resource Efficient Agriculture -- 2.1 Introduction.

Resource use efficiency is crucial to the development of agricultural activities in Nigeria. A few studies have been conducted in this area of economics activities as it relates to agriculture. However, this aspect of study must be properly emphasized if we wish to take agriculture from its present shabby stage to the next level. This study examined the resource use efficiency among sorghum farmers in Ifelodun Local Government Area of Kwara State, Nigeria. Suitable tools such as gross margin analysis, efficiency ratio or rate of return in investment were used for the study. Empirical results revealed that approximately 70% of the farmers were above 45 years of age, 92% were married and about 85% have been involved in sorghum farming for at least 11 years. The resource use efficiency result showed that the farm resources were inefficiently utilized for sorghum production in the study area, hence the need for adjustment of resource use. Empirical result also showed that for every N1 invested in sorghum production, N1.89 was made as revenue. This suggests that sorghum production is viable in the study area. The study recommend/encourage both farmers and policy makers to invest properly in sorghum production because of its vast usage.

This study aimed to determine the technical and resource-use efficiency of East Java. The secondary data were used from the Paddy Cultivation Household Survey ST2013 handled by BPS-Statistics Indonesia. The data was cross-sectional and were derived from ST2013 in 2014. The stochastic frontier analysis analyzed the factors that drive rice output and quantified rice production's technical efficiency. In contrast, the marginal value product-marginal factor cost (MVP-MFC) approach was used to quantify resource-use efficiency in rice production. The SFA indicated that these factors positively affect rice output except for seed, fertilizer, labor, and land utilization. However, other factors were considered apart from the land size, such as exaggerated land and labor advantage in production and bad seed and fertilizer utilization. Technical efficiency varies considerably among rice farmers, ranging from 1 percent to 100 percent, with an average of 89 percent. Their technical inefficiency was influenced by their group membership, irrigation, credit, education level, and farmer age - external farm insect pests. The government and the private sector are involved in the programs through farmer groups. Keywords: agricultural production, allocative efficiency, resource-use efficiency, parametric frontier, ST2013, technical efficiency

<div><p><em>The study was carried out to determine the profitability and resource use efficiency of poultry-egg production in Yobe State. A sample of 200 poultry-egg farmers was selected by multistage sampling technique and data were collected by using a structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, budgetary analysis, and Stochastic Frontier Analysis techniques. The study revealed that poultry-egg production enterprise is profitable in the study area. Maximum Likelihood Estimate of coefficients of the stochastic frontier model for poultry-egg production were all positive and the parameters estimates of farm size, veterinary services, feed intake and labour were statistically significant, indicating that they contributed incrementally to the total value of poultry-egg output in the study area. Analysis of inefficiency model shows that factors influencing technical efficiency were years of experience, access to credit, cooperative membership and extension contact. Recommendations include the establishment of feed producer cooperative society, provision of adequate and timely veterinary services, and access to credit, frequent extension contacts and adult education classes for the farmers.</em></p></div>

Amao J.O., Adedapo K.D., Akinboye O.A. and Oladeebo J.O.Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension. Ladoke Akintola University ofTechnology, Oghomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria. ABSTRACTThis study analyzed the resource use efficiency of cassava production in Ogo-Oluwa localgovernment area of Oyo state, Nigeria. Primary data were collected from a total of 80 cassava farmersusing multistage sampling procedure. Data were collected on input-output activities for 2003 cassavafarming season. The data were analyses using regression analysis. The study revealed that, land andhired labour were the significant factors influencing the output of cassava. Out of all the inputs ofproduction only land was over utilized

The study assessed the resource use efficiency of groundnut farmers in Bekwara Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria. The specific objectives were to; describe the socio-economic characteristics of groundnut farmers, determine the cost and returns of groundnut production, determine the technical efficiency of groundnut farmers, identify the socio-economic factors influencing technical efficiency of groundnut production. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select groundnut farmers in the area. Data were obtained using a set of structuredquestionnaire. Descriptive, gross margin analysis and stochastic frontier were used for data analyses. Result from the study showed that majority (51.02%) of the respondents fall within age ranged of 31 – 40 years, with a mean age of 34 years. Females dominated groundnut production, 67.4% were married, 89.9% had family sizes of 1-10 persons per households, 94.9% had one form of education or the other. The result further shows that majority (79.60%) had 6 – 11 years of farming experience, 58% had farm sizes of between 1 – 1.5 hectares. The gross margin analysis shows that groundnut production was a profitable business with a gross margin and net farm income of ₦338, 019.249 and ₦330, 407.51 respectively. The result also revealed that quantity of seed used and farm size had positive and significant relationship with groundnut production. The mean technical efficiency was 0.97 with minimum and maximum efficiencies of 0.85 and 0.99. The inefficiency model showed that educational level, membership to co-operative, access to credit and the amount received were the significant variables that increased the technical efficiency of the respondents. It is recommended that policies by the government and non-governmental agencies should be geared towards encouraging farmers' education on farm management practices so that they would be able to allocate production resources more efficiently especially agrochemicals for optimum yield.Keywords: Groundnut farmers, Resource efficiency, technical efficiency, inefficiency

Cotton is the major commercial crop amongst all cash crops in India and provides livelihood to more than 60 million people in its cultivation, processing and textile industry. Cotton crop is infested by various pests causing significant yield losses therefore Bt cotton was introduced in India to reduce pesticide consumption and also increase productivity. Since introduction there has been ongoing debate on the superiority and/ or inferiority of Bt cotton over non Bt cotton. Therefore the present study was undertaken to examine the Bt cotton technology on output and efficiency of inputs used in cotton cultivation in Karnataka state of South India during 2007. Primary data was collected from 90 farmers cultivating Bt and non-Bt cotton in Haveri district, Karnataka, India. The Cobb-Douglas production and decomposition analysis techniques were used to estimate the influence of factors and Bt technology on output change. The production function analysis indicated that the co-efficients of expenditure on fertilizers, labour, plant protection chemicals and land were significant in case of Bt cotton cultivation. The result of Resource use efficiency analysis showed that efficient use of labour, fertilizers and seeds had contributed the most to the difference in returns between Bt-cotton and non-Bt cotton cultivation. Contribution of differences in the quantity of inputs used to higher returns from Bt cotton to the measured difference in gross returns between Bt and non-Bt cotton was 56.56 per cent, while that of the efficiency in the use of inputs was 23.83 per cent. Key words: Bt cotton, Resource use efficiency, Decomposition analysis

Objectives: This paper seeks to detect, in the Spanish health system, which health services are efficient, and which are not, as well as propose corrective measures that allow inefficient health services to achieve efficiency. Methods: This paper applies the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) methodology, which allows obtaining natural and managerial efficiencies, as well as deviations from inefficient units in relation to efficient ones and proposing corrective measures that imply only budgetary (natural) modifications or changes in the policies of resource management (management).
Results: Through the efficiencies, or the lack of them, the health services of the 17 Spanish autonomous communities are classified into four groups: With high, medium-high, medium-low or low natural or managerial efficiency.
Conclusions: The lack of natural efficiency can be corrected with a greater budgetary endowment and the lack of managerial efficiency with a budget cut and changes in resource management policies. This tendency contrary to the adjustments is precisely what gives this work of interest and novelty with respect to others that apply the DEA in different sectors such as those that study the impact on the environment of resource consumption. Another important aspect of this study is the possibility of applying it to other countries with similar political structures.

This study determined resource use efficiency and investment in cocoa production in Osun state, Nigeria. Specifically, described the socioeconomic characteristics of cocoa farmers; determined the factors affecting cocoa production; determined the resource use efficiency in cocoa production; and estimated profitability of investment in cocoa production in the study area. The study was conducted in Osun state, south-western Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used for selecting respondents for this study. A total number of 120 households were selected for the study. Data were analyzed using Descriptive statistics, Multiple Regression, Marginal value and budgetary analysis. The results for the entire respondents showed average values of 52 years for age, 26years for year of experience, 9 for household size, and 3.85 for farm size. Returns to scale (RTS) was 1.599. Years spent in formal education (p<0.05), farm size (p<0.05), volume of insecticide used (p<0.01), labour (p<0.01) positively and significantly influenced output of cocoa farmers. Resource use efficiency shows that family labour is 1.333, insecticide (2.575), fungicide (2.667), land (0.267), and hired labour (0.745). The estimated costs and return of cocoa farmers per hectare of land on the average in the study area were N 115,481.70 and N 156,518.30 per annum whereas the total revenue on the average was N272000, while the gross margin and net income were N166729.30 and N156518.30, respectively. The benefit cost ratio and labour efficiency ratio were 2.36 and 3.18, respectively. Following the findings of the study, the government and non-governmental agencies should ensure that farm inputs are made available to the cocoa farmers at the right time, quantity, quality and also at subsidized prices.