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Although widely used, the qualitative case study method is not well understood. Due to conflicting epistemological presuppositions and the complexity inherent in qualitative case-based studies, scientific rigor can be difficult to demonstrate, and any resulting findings can be difficult tojustify. For that reason, this paper discusses methodological problems associated with qualitative case-based research and offers guidelines for overcoming them. Due to its nearly universal acceptance, Yin's six-stage case study process is adopted and elaborated on. Moreover, additional principles from the wider methodological literature are integrated and explained. Finally, some modifications to the dependencies between the six case study stages are suggested. It is expected that following the guidelines presented in this paper may facilitate the collection of the most relevant data in the most efficient and effective manner, simplify the subsequent analysis, as well as enhance the validity of the resulting findings. The paper should be of interest to students (honour, masters, doctoral), academics, and practitioners involved with conducting and reviewing qualitative case-based studies.

India is grappling with the problem of controlling tuberculosis nearly for the past 50 years. The problem of nonadherence to treatment regimen has also worsened the situation of multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in India. This article explores the factors behind nonadherence among erstwhile TB defaulters in a rural district in India. In-depth interviews with seven chronic defaulters and with healthcare professionals were conducted at a government-run Chest Clinic. In addition to in-depth interviews with defaulters and healthcare professionals, medical records and government orders related to TB control were examined extensively. Participants were also observed to understand their interaction with healthcare professionals and fellow patients, especially during drug delivery time. Qualitative content analysis is the most appropriate method to analyze the transcribed text and archival records. Qualitative content analysis brought out five major themes responsible for their past nonadherence behavior, namely, (a) Awareness about tuberculosis and treatment, (b) Symptom recognition and self-medication, (c) Family support, (d) Accessibility, and (e) Stigma. Findings are documented according to the major themes and documenting direct quotes from participants and with healthcare professionals wherever appropriate. This case study also provided context-specific recommendations to the healthcare professionals as regards the nonadherence behavior among TB patients. It is hoped these focused recommendations, albeit known to the healthcare professionals, would be extremely useful in making modifications to the existing program to tackle the nonadherence behavior.

Sexual Abuse inSport -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Author -- List of Abbreviations -- Terminology -- 1 Introduction and Overview -- Taboos in Sport -- Overview of the Book -- 2 Introducing Bella and Collaborative Autoethnography -- A 'Case Study' Approach -- Friendship as Method -- Autoethnography -- Collaborative autoethnography -- Feminist Ethics of Care -- Critical Friends -- Vignettes and Poems -- Introducing Bella -- Notes -- 3 The Grooming Process in Sport -- The Grooming Process -- How It Started: Memories of the Grooming Process -- Introducing Bella -- Feeling Naughty

India is grappling with the problem of controlling tuberculosis nearly for the past 50 years. The problem of nonadherence to treatment regimen has also worsened the situation of multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in India. This article explores the factors behind nonadherence among erstwhile TB defaulters in a rural district in India. In-depth interviews with seven chronic defaulters and with healthcare professionals were conducted at a government-run Chest Clinic. In addition to in-depth interviews with defaulters and healthcare professionals, medical records and government orders related to TB control were examined extensively. Participants were also observed to understand their interaction with healthcare professionals and fellow patients, especially during drug delivery time. Qualitative content analysis is the most appropriate method to analyze the transcribed text and archival records. Qualitative content analysis brought out five major themes responsible for their past nonadherence behavior, namely, (a) Awareness about tuberculosis and treatment, (b) Symptom recognition and self-medication, (c) Family support, (d) Accessibility, and (e) Stigma. Findings are documented according to the major themes and documenting direct quotes from participants and with healthcare professionals wherever appropriate. This case study also provided context-specific recommendations to the healthcare professionals as regards the nonadherence behavior among TB patients. It is hoped these focused recommendations, albeit known to the healthcare professionals, would be extremely useful in making modifications to the existing program to tackle the nonadherence behavior.

The arrival of the modern matron into the NHS acute setting in 2001 was in response to increased public and political concern regarding standards of nursing care and the quality of patient care. As a politically motivated initiative, the modern matron role and its relationship with the concept of the traditional matron has been extensively debated. The aims of this study were to explore: 1. How far the modern matron represents continuity between the traditional matrons of the mid 20th century and the present day. 2. What socio-political forces led to the development and establishment of the modern matron? 3. From the perspective of health professionals, what impact has the modern matron had on the quality of patient care? Adopting a case study design underpinned by realistic evaluation, the study involved interviewing patients and a carer, a focus group and interviews with staff and national policy leads. Documentary analysis was undertaken on a set of traditional matron archives. A number of key themes emerged from the research, including: the importance of uniform and visibility, patient expectations, the impact of policy processes and the political rationale for national policy change. Conflict between ensuring nursing quality and operational demands, which acts as a barrier to the modern matron role, was also found. Long-held assumptions about the functions and the positioning of the traditional matron are explored, with continuity and divergence between the traditional and modern matron roles revealed. Using a realistic evaluation approach, the findings were framed whilst considering the structural and generative elements, which resulted in social interplay or visible phenomena and provided an explanation for the predicament of the modern matron. The key conclusions were that national policy decisions appeared to be diluted once locally implemented. Modern matrons in part did positively impact on care quality. The introduction of modern matrons and the quality agenda may have been the start of a national discussion about how to continually improve patient care in an arena where intermittent care quality challenges which give concern. The effect of previous national policies that impacted on senior nurses may have diverted them away from their core purpose – patient care. The modern matron guidance may have been limited before publication by the inference within it about limiting the authority of the new post-holders. There was limited evidence of the modern matrons' visibility to patients and this was reflected by the traditional matron's accounts. The expectation of modern matrons' physical presence may have been drawn from assumptions embedded in nostalgia and media portrayal of the traditional matron. The thesis concludes with implications for strategic nurse leaders and national policy leads to consider how the organisational arrangements for secondary care can best support and secure the ultimate aim of consistent provision of good quality nursing care.

Qualitative case study methodology provides tools for researchers to study complex phenomena within their contexts. When the approach is applied correctly, it becomes a valuable method for health science research to develop theory, evaluate programs, and develop interventions. The purpose of this paper is to guide the novice researcher in identifying the key elements for designing and implementing qualitative case study research projects. An overview of the types of case study designs is provided along with general recommendations for writing the research questions, developing propositions, determining the "case" under study, binding the case and a discussion of data sources and triangulation. To facilitate application of these principles, clear examples of research questions, study propositions and the different types of case study designs are provided.

This study examines the transition of a post-secondary correctional education (PSCE) system formerly facilitated by higher education to the current system administered by the State Department of Corrections (SDC). This study used qualitative case study methodology utilizing multiple perspectives from five different stake-holding groups or five socials units: state legislators, county law enforcement personnel, state higher education administrators, SDC personnel, and technical college personnel. A thick, rich description of the transition was obtained by relying on multiple perspectives recorded in interviews of stakeholders in PSCE.The stakeholders' perception of this educational transition that changed PSCE in one state was shaped by personal perspectives on issues surrounding the education of the incarcerated. The rhetoric, political machinations, and reality of this transition define stakeholders' perspectives of the driving forces that initiated the facilitation of PSCE from a Higher Education run system to one run by the SDC.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to investigate the information needs of addicts from the perspective of addicts. By identifying the experiences of the individuals involved in addiction and assessing the information they need, targeted educational interventions can be provided to meet their needs. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 13 addicts in two addiction outpatient clinics. Data were analyzed using the qualitative content analysis approach proposed by Graneheim and Lundman. FINDINGS: The information needs of the interviewees included recognizing types of addictive substances and the degree of dependence on them, awareness of the physical and psychological symptoms of addiction to various addictive substances, awareness of various pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments, physical and psychological symptoms of quitting addiction, awareness of the length of treatment, knowledge about the dose and degree of dependence on drugs, recognizing the causes of failure in quitting addiction, awareness of governmental and non-governmental services, and awareness of the psychological measures and care services necessary after quitting addiction. CONCLUSION: The results of the study showed that the knowledge and awareness of addicted individuals in various fields of addiction is low and it is necessary to provide education based on the information needs of these individuals. This requires the cooperation and efforts of policy makers, the Ministry of Education, welfare managers, and specialists in camps and addiction treatment centers. Specialists in addiction treatment clinics can use the information needs of addicts determined in this study to enrich the education of addicts.

The subject of this case is a qualitative comparative case study of three organizations that employ social workers and lawyers. This work grew out of a desire to understand the discrepancy between my positive experience as a social worker in a legal aid clinic and the negative portrayal of this professional collaboration in the academic literature. The limited body of writing on the topic was largely theoretical. I was interested in exploring this collaboration in its organizational context to augment these conceptual views with empirical data. Case study was deemed an appropriate method for this research because (1) it is a well-accepted method in organizational research, (2) it is especially useful for investigating a phenomenon such as social worker/lawyer collaboration in its context, and (3) it has particular value in situations where there is a limited body of knowledge and the potential for a new theoretical framework. Qualitative interview, observation, and document data collected from the three organizations were coded and analyzed with the assistance of the qualitative data analysis software package N6. Data analysis began with atheoretical free coding and moved on to theoretically based tree coding of a priori constructs. These processes resulted in themes related to the role of the social worker in legal settings and a new theoretical conceptualization of the collaborative relationship, which were validated through iterative and complementary data analysis strategies.

This empirical study focuses on an instruction of key historic events of twentieth-century Czechoslovakia and how it is being introduced to third-grade pupils. First, the topic is briefly introduced using a theoretical framework of current development of history education in primary schools, and after a short description of the research methodology, the main findings are introduced. The qualitative explanatory case study of teaching performed by three teachers, which was based on various observations of their teaching, interviews with them and on an analysis of written tasks done by their pupils, has proven that primary school pupils are able to understand the meaning of historic events and the value of life in a free society. Teachers can guide their pupils towards this result using various approaches. However, it is important to respect the developmental abilities of pupils and to react to specific difficulties imposed by the subject matter of history education. These difficulties include demands on keeping track of time periods and the tendency towards personification and presentism. What has proven to be very efficient were the approaches of research-oriented instruction – approaches using oral history and approaches based on the analysis of the value of living in a democratic society conducted on the basis of an interview about experiences and feelings with people who had lived during the times of oppression.

This article shows that professional skill level of employees is a key factor in the formation of employee responses to subcontracted forms of employment. In addition, the proportion of employees hired through temporary staffing arrangements compared to the core workers determines the employees' capacity for collective action. This article uses observational and interview data from a public university hospital, where both skilled health care professionals and janitorial workers are hired through temporary staffing arrangements. The findings reveal that skilled health care professionals develop more individualistic responses to cope with the subcontracting practices, and the co-employment of subcontracted and permanent workers undermines solidarity among them. Lacking the professional skills and positioned at the bottom of the hospital hierarchy, janitorial workers opt for collective action against the hospital administration. Finally, the analysis of counter-responses of the hospital administration points to the dynamic nature of workplace relations, and the capacity of employers to reshape the responses of workers.

Case study research designs are a popular approach in business and management and in work-based research projects. Case study as an umbrella research methodology, under which a researcher adopts different methods for data collection and analysis, is a particularly useful approach for research projects concerned with an in-depth investigation of a particular phenomenon within a specific real-life context. The context in case study research plays a key role, and a researcher needs to carefully consider the choices of "case" or "cases" in terms of value and uniqueness. The role of the researcher as an embedded researcher is also important as case study research offers a degree of understanding of the context under study that can only come from personal experience and involvement. There are many approaches to case study research; this SAGE case study presents and discusses a case study research design using qualitative methods for data generation such as participant observation, direct observations, and interviews (with individuals and in a group) to investigate the implementation of a service innovation process. This research approach was found useful, as the outcome of the study was intended to be an in-depth understanding of the service innovation process (the phenomenon) that was embedded within the context-specific settings of a small business services firm (the context).

The present paper has an interdisciplinary character and is placed at the crossroads of a few disciplines, namely philosophy, theology and linguistics. Philosophy and theology, namely Christian personalism, constitutes the theoretical background for a qualitative linguistics case study of the original source text The Diary by a contemporary female Polish Catholic mystic and prophetess, Faustina Kowalska. The direct goal is to describe the concept of "wisdom" embedded in her mystical and prophetic written record. The methods and tools have a mixed-character and come from social sciences and humanities (SSH). Both well-established mainstream perspectives and less obvious, complementary approaches coming from the newly emerging sub-disciplines in linguistics, were used. The original, experimental focus is laid upon the qualitative linguistic analysis of the semantic field of a single lexical unit "wisdom" extracted from the original authentic text under the analysis. The results showed the concept of "wisdom" in the spiritual text explored is more extended with comparison with the concepts described by other sciences and that mystical and prophetic spiritual literature, i.e. original source texts are a great source of knowledge of human minds and thinking, in general.