Suchergebnisse

The Third Republic regime is defined byCarré de Malberg as the regime of the État légal for it promotes the rule of law formulated by a parliament now elected by universal male suffrage. This regime is therefore characterized by the apparent supremacy of the Parliament.The study of the public law doctrine from 1879 to 1914 demonstrates, however, that, for these authors, such a system is unsatisfactory as parliamentary omnipotence turns out to be more a danger than a safeguard. This calling into questions concerns both the theories of sovereignty and of representation. Accordingly, public law theorists have progressively substituted the more juridical sovereignty of the State for the political theory of national sovereignty. This shift lessens the importance of both the electorate and the legislative body. All Public law theorists wish to limit the effects of the unorganized Universal suffrage and reestablish the balance of power. Having lost confidence in the virtues of the law and the political guarantees of the État légal, the public law theorists try to find in the law away to preserve the liberal values which they consider threatened by the extension of the franchise. The judge becomes the main guarantor of freedom and juridical order. Judicial appeals should ensure the people's security against state interventionism and permit the triumph of abstract and juridical « True Democracy ». Viewing the rule of law as providing a solution for all conflicts, the public law theorists insisted that politics should be subjected to Law because they regarded politics as an area of anarchy and individual interests. Law should reintroduce order and rationality into a society transformed by industrialization.Thus the État de droit seems to be the end of the French Revolution and the condition for the efficacy of Public Law which in turn gives the State the means for its legitimacy. ; Le régime instauré par la Troisième République qui se réfère constamment aux idéaux de la Révolution française est défini par Carré de Malberg ...

The Third Republic regime is defined byCarré de Malberg as the regime of the État légal for it promotes the rule of law formulated by a parliament now elected by universal male suffrage. This regime is therefore characterized by the apparent supremacy of the Parliament.The study of the public law doctrine from 1879 to 1914 demonstrates, however, that, for these authors, such a system is unsatisfactory as parliamentary omnipotence turns out to be more a danger than a safeguard. This calling into questions concerns both the theories of sovereignty and of representation. Accordingly, public law theorists have progressively substituted the more juridical sovereignty of the State for the political theory of national sovereignty. This shift lessens the importance of both the electorate and the legislative body. All Public law theorists wish to limit the effects of the unorganized Universal suffrage and reestablish the balance of power. Having lost confidence in the virtues of the law and the political guarantees of the État légal, the public law theorists try to find in the law away to preserve the liberal values which they consider threatened by the extension of the franchise. The judge becomes the main guarantor of freedom and juridical order. Judicial appeals should ensure the people's security against state interventionism and permit the triumph of abstract and juridical « True Democracy ». Viewing the rule of law as providing a solution for all conflicts, the public law theorists insisted that politics should be subjected to Law because they regarded politics as an area of anarchy and individual interests. Law should reintroduce order and rationality into a society transformed by industrialization.Thus the État de droit seems to be the end of the French Revolution and the condition for the efficacy of Public Law which in turn gives the State the means for its legitimacy. ; Le régime instauré par la Troisième République qui se réfère constamment aux idéaux de la Révolution française est défini par Carré de Malberg ...

International audience ; La juridiction administrative de la seconde moitié du XIXe, autant que la doctrine universitaire du début du XXe siècle, ont construit, chacune, un concept de service public dont la fonction était spécifique. Pour le Conseil d'État, il s'agissait de justifier sa compétence contre celle de la Cour de cassation. Il n'y avait pas à proprement parler de doctrine substantielle du service public mais plutôt une approche formelle visant à soustraire un ensemble d'actions à la compétence de la juridiction judiciaire. Ce qui n'était qu'une justification de la compétence de la juridiction a par la suite, ou parallèlement, été compris comme un critère d'application et de définition du droit administratif par la doctrine universitaire. Mais cette dernière a utilisé le concept de service public comme un méta-concept à des fins aussi bien historiques que juridiques et politiques. Le plus notable reste Duguit qui a fait du concept de "service public" une théorie juridique de l'État. Ce méta-concept de service public ne servait pas à décrire ce que faisait la juridiction administrative; il n'était pas mis au service d'une connaissance mais d'une volonté de construire une représentation déterminée du rôle de l'État.

International audience ; La juridiction administrative de la seconde moitié du XIXe, autant que la doctrine universitaire du début du XXe siècle, ont construit, chacune, un concept de service public dont la fonction était spécifique. Pour le Conseil d'État, il s'agissait de justifier sa compétence contre celle de la Cour de cassation. Il n'y avait pas à proprement parler de doctrine substantielle du service public mais plutôt une approche formelle visant à soustraire un ensemble d'actions à la compétence de la juridiction judiciaire. Ce qui n'était qu'une justification de la compétence de la juridiction a par la suite, ou parallèlement, été compris comme un critère d'application et de définition du droit administratif par la doctrine universitaire. Mais cette dernière a utilisé le concept de service public comme un méta-concept à des fins aussi bien historiques que juridiques et politiques. Le plus notable reste Duguit qui a fait du concept de "service public" une théorie juridique de l'État. Ce méta-concept de service public ne servait pas à décrire ce que faisait la juridiction administrative; il n'était pas mis au service d'une connaissance mais d'une volonté de construire une représentation déterminée du rôle de l'État.

Introduction -- The foundation cases -- Navigability and its evolution -- Wetlands -- Water rights -- The wildlife trust -- Beaches -- Parks and public lands -- The atmospheric trust and the climate crisis -- Private property and the public trust doctrine -- The public trust doctrine abroad -- Frontiers of the public trust.

The public trust doctrine originated—and has persisted in American law—as antimonopoly protection. From the time of its recognition by American courts in the early nineteenth century, the doctrine has protected the public against private monopolization of natural resources, beginning with tidal waters and wild animals. Ensuing public trust case law has extended the scope of trust protection to other important natural resources, including non-tidal and non-navigable waters, and land-based resources like parks. Courts are now considering the trust doctrine's application to the atmosphere. Although there is a considerable body of legal scholarship on the public trust, the doctrine's antimonopoly core has not been explored. In this Article, we remedy that oversight by examining the public trust's justification as an antimonopoly sentiment. Antimonopoly policy is at least as old in American law as the public trust and certainly more politically prominent. Viewing the public trust through the lens of antimonopoly helps to explain the history and evolution of this doctrine and its overriding goal of preventing irreversible commitments of natural resources to private monopolization.