Suchergebnisse

Measuring public expenses with workforce in fighting forest fire. The frequency of forest fires and the lack of investment in public institutions arising from the current Brazilian economic crisis, emerges the difficulty of competent institutions in managing resources due to the increasing number of fires, mainly the labor. The objective of this work was to measure the expenses with labor in the combats against forest fires in Public Conservation Units by comparing it with the labor with prevention. This exploratory, documentary and ex post facto study was prepared based on documents and reports from public institutions involved in fighting a major fire in a Biological Reserve in the State of Espírito Santo. The data were analyzed according to the participating institutions, number of participants, positions, value of remunerations and days worked. To measure the average daily expenditure on different remunerations, an accounting model was developed, using the values of the remunerations for the year in which the fire occurred. In the end, it could be concluded that, for every 124.3 hectares burned, 110 individuals worked per day, the majority were military personnel at the beginning of their careers and that the expenditure on public labor employed in combat, both in quantity and remuneration, was much higher than the labor with the temporary hiring of firefighters.

Introduction. The submitted article is devoted to the actual problems connected with definition of other expenses relating to criminal procedure expenses, but which are specifically not specified in Art. 131 of the CPC of the RF. Purpose is to improve legislation regulating criminal procedure expenses. Methods include comparative-legal, systemic, analysis and synthesis, functioned methods. Results. Fixing in item 9 of the p. 2 of Art. 131 of the CPC of the RF of other expenses gives the chance for reference to number of procedural expenses of any expenses connected with criminal proceeding as the list of types of procedural expenses is not exhaustive. It is offered to consider as other procedural expenses the money spent for carrying out operational search actions, the material losses suffered as a result of carrying out investigative actions, the victim, the witness and other persons involved in criminal trial; compensation of cost of the damaged property at a lawful search; expenses of the parties on the legal aid given by lawyers under the agreement. Conclusions. The author suggests to make changes in the CPC of the RF in item 4 of h 2Art. 131 KRF UnitaryEnterprise, having specifiedthat the remuneration paid to the expert for execution by it during criminal trial of the duties as an office task does not belong to procedural expenses.

Abstract Several studies analysed the environmental public expenditures, its allocation and role as an instrument for public action. However, there is still a gap in the literature, since there are no works that integrate and systematize the existing knowledge. Therefore, we conducted an integrative literature review, and selected thirty articles for synthesis, classification and coding based on a system proposed by the authors. We identified that researches on this field are still recent and publications are concentrated in Europe and Latin America. Regarding the research methods, the qualitative approach based on case studies was used to develop the majority of the studies. Also, the studies in general combined different spheres of analysis, discussing topics on performance and description of expenses. The results showed that there is a need for studies that promote themes such as transparency, accounting organization and the creation of indicators, enabling deeper analysis. An agenda with eight research suggestions was proposed based on observed theoretical limitations.

The last two decades have witnessed a decrease in public health expenditure relative to total health spending. One may ask whether this decreasing role of Government expenditure in the financing of health care is due to mature options on the desired health care system or is more the result of Governments complying with more binding budget constraints. In this paper, we provide a first answer to this question, based on evidence for a set of OECD countries. The main point of the paper can be easily stated: the observed smaller role of public financing of health expenditures in total public expenditure is the result, to a significant extent, of exogenous political pressures for lower Government budget deficits. Given an overall budget ceiling, there is no evidence supporting a general time change in health spending priority in the budget bargaining process. However, we do find that Government budget constraints lead to lower priority of health care in the Government's budget allocation process. This conclusion seems to hold whether health public spending is determined by a bargaining process within the Government or by population needs. At least, the empirical evidence provided suggests that more research on the political process governing health care expenditures is desirable. ; N/A