Suchergebnisse

Papers presented at the annual conference of Institute of the Historical Studies, held at Dibrugarh, 1978

The article is a result of research of role played by an international public association "Internet Engineering Task Force" in international Internet governance system. The object of the research is a process of construction of a system of institutions which coordinate development of Internet. In the article, potential of nongovernmental actors in this area is assessed. The article highlights causes and possible effects of IETF activities as the most highly respected nongovernmental associations which try to solve one of the urgent problems of world politics transformation of an existing approach to Internet governance. IETF approach is compared with approaches of other nongovernmental organizations and public associations such as ICANN, W3C and WaSP. The conclusion is made that authority of IETF in the community of Internet projects developers enables this public association to define the key characteristics of technological policy in Internet evolution. Thus, IETF is considered as one of the key actors of international system of Internet governance. Also, the importance of IETF-like associations has been underestimated by governmental actors yet. This underestimation determines Russian, Chinese and Iranian attacks on ICANN. These states support a project of full internationalization of Internet governance and consider ICANN as an organization which controls the Internet for the benefit of the United States of America. ; Статья является результатом исследования роли международного общественного объединения «Целевая группа по конструированию интернета» в системе международного управления интернетом. Объектом исследования является процесс становления системы институтов, координирующих развитие интернета. Оценивается потенциал негосударственных акторов в данной сфере. Выявляются причины и возможные последствия участия IETF как наиболее авторитетного из таких акторов в решении одной из актуальных проблем мировой политики трансформации сложившегося подхода к управлению интернетом. Подход IETF к управлению интернетом сравнивается с подходами других международных неправительственных организаций и общественных движений: ICANN, W3C и WaSP. Делается вывод о том, что авторитет IETF в среде разработчиков интернет-проектов даёт возможность этому общественному объединению определять ключевые черты технологической политики в сфере развития интернета, являясь одним из основных акторов международного управления интернетом. При этом значение сообществ, подобных IETF, пока недооценивается государственными акторами. Именно этим обусловлены нападки России, КНР и Ирана, выступающих за полную передачу управления интернетом международному сообществу, на ICANN, воспринимаемую этими государствами как организацию, управляющую интернетом в интересах Соединённых Штатов Америки.

The article is devoted to the forms of interaction and organization of communities by officials beyond the scope of official activity. The article presents club-type societies that ensured the secular life of officials, and societies for material support of civil servants of the 19th century. The trend of creating communities by officials of different levels was continued at the beginning of the 20th century.

Today, one of the priority areas in enhancing the democratic participation of Uzbekistan's citizens in the country's development is raising the status and influence of public associations in the republic's sociopolitical life. This issue is closely associated with building a democratic state and civil society in our republic, ensuring the growing requirements and interests of different social groups, and raising the efficiency of the activity of the administration institutions. As we know, national (public) control did not suddenly appear out of nothing in Uzbekistan today, it has existed for several centuries, and even though it has not been systematically organized until now, it has nevertheless been a prerequisite of the activity of government bodies. Society, various social groups, and like-minded people have always made demands on the country's rulers and expressed their attitude toward a particular problem; people would get into an argument, elders and influential figures would put forward their proposals, and then they would urge everyone to come to peace and harmony. There were various ways of putting pressure on the powers that be. The opinions and advice of elders, the works of scientists and writers, and the wishes of aksakals all served as a basis on which the rulers made particular decisions. As a well-known folk saying has it: "Most people have Hizr" (in this sense—wisdom, holiness). But it should be noted that control by society was not always welcomed and valued, during times of dependence, for example, it was a redundant phenomenon. During the years of independence, opportunities appeared for creating and developing national and public control, measures were carried out for reforming the activity of public associations and renewing and raising their status and influence on the country's sociopolitical development, and several laws, decrees, and orders directly aimed at changing the activity of their organizations were drawn up and adopted. In particular, Chapter 17 of the Uzbekistan Constitution, Arts 73-75 of the Civil Code (1996), the laws On Nongovernmental Nonprofit Organizations (1999), On Trade Unions, Their Rights and Guarantees of Activity, On Production Manufacturers and Business Chambers (1992), On Religious Organizations and Freedom of Conscience (1998), On Public Funds (2003), and On the Foundations of State Youth Policy in the Republic of Uzbekistan (1991), decrees of the Uzbekistan President, and decisions of the country's Cabinet of Ministers set forth the most important rules and regulations for the reform and development of the activity of public associations. A new system of public associations has been emerging since the republic acquired its sovereignty: the Federation of Trade Unions of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the Women's Committee, the Kamolot Public Youth Movement, the Association of Organizations of Veterans, the Republican International Cultural Center (RICC), the Public Center of Culture and Enlightenment, the Public Center for the Study of Public Opinion, the Associations of Scientists, Writers, Journalists, and so on. Such organizations as Makhallia, Soglom avlod uchun, Nuroniy, and so on, have also formed in this new system.

The essential feature of democracy is the control of citizens of various structures of public power. One possibility is that control the functioning of civil society, represented by various associations and movements of people, formed on the community of interests. This article discusses some aspects related to the possibility of granting certain types of public associations the right of legislative initiative. The material is presented on the basis of federal legislation and the legislation of the Russian Federation regulating these issues. ; Существенным признаком демократии является контроль граждан над различными структурами публичной власти. Одной из возможностей такого контроля является функционирование гражданского общества, представленного различными общественными объединениями и движениями граждан, сформированными на общности интересов. В статье рассматриваются отдельные аспекты, связанные с возможностью наделения отдельных видов общественных объединений правом законодательной инициативы. Материал изложен на основе федерального законодательства и законодательства субъектов Российской Федерации, регулирующих эти вопросы.

The presented material examines the potential possibilities of using systemic, activity-based and creative approaches, as well as the principles of dialecticism, originality, conscious multifactoriality, cultural creativity in the educational environment of children's public associations (PBO) in the process of forming the social initiative of adolescents. The conceptual provisions of modern scientists regarding the definition of the concept of "social initiative" of adolescents are highlighted, the key concept is specified, and the main components of the process of formation of social initiative of adolescents are determined, which reveal the content and are criteria for its effectiveness. For the consistent development of social initiative as a conscious activity of adolescents and personality traits, this process is presented in the form of coordinated modules, coordinated blocks that complement each other and influence the harmonious development of the individual through the activities of preschool educational institutions. The educational environment of a preschool educational institution is defined as a social and pedagogical tool aimed at developing the social initiative of a teenager in accordance with the goals, content, creation of social pedagogical conditions, and the harmonious development of the younger generation. In the educational environment of a children's organization, an important role is played by such means as the organized life of a children's team, various types of activities, technical impossibilities, phenomena of spiritual and material culture, through the formation of an attitude towards man, society, and nature as the highest value. The pedagogical conditions we substantiated, tested in the practical activities of preschool educational institutions, contributed to increasing the level of formation of social initiative of adolescents, making it possible to be confident in the recognition by a group of peers of their achievements as an individual and in the effectiveness of socially useful activities.

The article discusses the migration of Koreans to the South Urals after the collapse of the USSR, the emergence of Korean public associations and structures designed to promote the settlement of migrants. In particular, the author touches upon the activities of educational and economic structures created for Koreans who came from Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan to Chelyabinsk, shows the biographical trajectories of entrepreneurs who opened outlets for the production of "Korean" salads.

The development of the children's and youth movement in Russia has recently received a new impetus, and state support for their activities has intensified. This ensured an increase in the number of schoolchildren involved in the activities of public associations. However, the question of their impact on the lives of adolescents remains open. The purpose of the study is to identify the interrelation between participation in formal children's public associations (public-state movement) and the subjective well-being of schoolchildren. An online survey was conducted in 2022 and 2023 among schoolchildren of the Chelyabinsk region, covering 6865 adolescents. The interviewees included: 59% are girls, 41% are boys; 55 residents of cities, 45% residents of other settlements. Students' assessment of subjective well-being encompassed the following issues: how happy they are, if they are satisfied with their self-realization and if they have a goal in life. The results of the study showed that 37.6% of schoolchildren have no experience of participating in the activities of children's social associations. Girls are more likely than boys to participate in such associations as Russian movement of schoolchildren (2022) and Big Change (2023). Boys are more inclined to join the Unarmia and search teams. In rural areas, the proportion of children participating in public associations is higher than in urban areas. Schoolchildren who take part in public associations are happier, more purposeful and satisfied with self-realization than their peers who do not have such experience.