Suchergebnisse

Instruccion de 31 de enero de 1853, por lo respectivo a la cuenta general de raciones, para llevar á efecto lo prevenido en Real órden de 7 de enero del mismo, respecto á la descentralizacion de ajustes de los Cuerpos del Ejército -- Circular de 8 de agosto de 1853 -- Circular de 22 de febrero de 1854 -- Resumen general de raciones acreditadas á los Cuerpos y clases de este distrito en el presente mes, y demostracion del suministro verificado, con espresion del cargo que le corresponde -- Relacion del haber de raciones que corresponde á los Cuerpos y clases de este distrito en el espresado mes, segun los ajustes que se acompañan ; Fecha de publicación tomada de la última circular datada en Madrid, 22 de febrero de 1854

The main purpose of this paper is to distinguish clearly between local authorities and clubs and to consider the circumstances in which individual consumers would prefer to have services provided by one or the other. We also consider the circumstances in which consumers would prefer individual or central government provision. There are also some hybrid positions between different types of provision. We end with some examples of cases where the mode of delivery in Great Britain has changed, or is changing, from traditional local government provision to other forms. Our model suggests a rationale for these changes.

This article provides an overview on "clawbacks" as many public companies include them in their compensation policies, such as stock options, restricted stock, and other incentive performance plans. The rationale and nature of this provision and its implications for accountability and management are considered. Academic research on the impact of clawbacks is reviewed. Dodd-Frank Act provisions and Securities and Exchange Commission actions on clawbacks are discussed.

Research on the income situation of today's and future retirees requires often record based data. Because of their accuracy in the life-course infomation they can also, if they are linked to survey data, make interviews shorter and less demanding for the interviewed persons. Process produced data from the pension fund are already available for these research topics. The data include details about the employment career and other life-course events as far as they are considered in the pensions' calculation. Nevertheless, additional sources are needed if research projects address the income situation more in detail, in particular the question of poverty or high income in old age. The pension reforms of the past decade have strengthened the second and third pillar in the importance, thereby increasing their importance of occupational pensions and private savings for future old age income. There exist already some detailed and inclusive data for research on old age income and retirement collected for government reports, but not all this data is yet available for scientific research. Furthermore should the exchange of data between social securitiy and/or tax institutions more often be combined with the collection of statistical data in order to improve the possibility of record-to-record linkage.