Suchergebnisse

This paper focuses on women who have left the industry of prostitution and is based on ethnographic field studies conducted in several cities in Lithuania. Four women have agreed to share their stories of entering and leaving the industry of prostitution and in all their narratives the core accent was the experience of shame. During the interviews, each of these women had an urge to express the importance of moral virtues in their lives and, as all of them claimed, they felt ashamed because "they have lost their femininity." It was very important for these women to emphasize that they are not "easy going" or "loose women," but women who have high moral standards and that entering the industry of prostitution was never the idea of their own, it was rather the consequence of several different factors varying from manipulations of their pimps to their poor social and financial circumstances. It is evident that these 4 women understand femininity as opposed to the work which women in prostitution do (providing sexual service). According to their narratives, women in prostitution, due to the aspect of providing sexual service to many male clients, lose the virtue of femininity, and that is the main factor generating the experience of shame. Due to experience of shame, all these women could not share their traumatic experiences with their families or even close friends. The construction of femininity in Lithuania is heavily influenced by the cult of Mother Mary and the doctrine of innocence. Therefore, the division of women into the categories of the Madonna and the Whore is still very much prominent in the Lithuanian society today. According to the Code of Administrative Offenses, prostitution in Lithuania is categorised as a crime against morality, and both the client and the sexual service provider must be fined. Nevertheless, the data shows that disproportionately very few clients get punished compared to the sexual service providers, mainly women. While non-governmental organisations are putting their efforts to focus the attention of society and the law institutions onto the client and in that way to put an end to the stigmatisation of women in the industry of prostitution, since both the client and the provider of sexual services are needed for the act of prostitution, in reality no social rehabilitation programs in social politics exist for these women in Lithuania today, apart from the help they receive from non-governmental organisations. Therefore, they are left to cope with the traumatic experience on their own, while the stigmatisation of women in prostitutions persists. Empirical material confirms the hypothesis that the experience of shame, which is based on the construction of femininity and the system of moral virtues in the society, reflected in the law defining prostitution in Lithuania, creates certain psychological and social configuration. Due to this configuration, these particular women experience social isolation. Therefore, their rehabilitation from the trauma period is prolonged and new obstacles in achieving well-being in their lives emerge. ; Straipsnyje yra analizuojamos moterų, pasitraukusių iš prostitucijos industrijos, patirtys. Etnografinio lauko tyrimo metu keturių kalbintų moterų pasakojimuose atsikartoja gėdos naratyvas. Šio straipsnio pagrindinis tikslas yra įvertinti, dėl kokių priežasčių šiandienėje visuomenėje šios moterys patiria gėdą, ir kokią reikšmę gėdos išgyvenimas turi jų dabartiniame socialiniame gyvenime. Tyrimo metu surinkta empirinė medžiaga parodė, kad kasdienis gėdos patyrimas, nulemtas moteriškumo konstravimo ir mūsų visuomenės vertybių sistemos, lemia tam tikrą psichologinių ir socialinių aplinkybių konfigūraciją, kuri savo ruožtu lemia dabartinę moterų, pasitraukusių iš prostitucijos industrijos, atskirtį ir yra viena iš didžiausių šių moterų savęs įgalinimo kliūčių. Gėdos išgyvenimas uždelsia šių moterų reabilitaciją, jas izoliuoja ir trukdo kurti socialinę gerovę.

Ovaj rad donosi prikaz perspektiva o djetinjstvu i prikaz poteškoća s kojima se djeca suočavaju u zemljama Trećeg svijeta. Generalno rečeno, perspektiva društava u zemljama Trećeg svijeta ovisi o ekonomskim, političkim, društvenim i kulturnim aspektima. Tako niži slojevi društva, koji su najbrojniji u tim zemljama, nastoje skratiti trajanje djetinjstva svoje djece kako bi ih što ranije pripremili za svijet odraslih, a na koncu i za sam rad. Viši slojevi društva imaju suvremenu perspektivu o djetinjstvu zahvaljujući financijskoj sigurnosti, gdje se djetetu pruža sva skrb i svi uvjeti za kognitivni, emocionalni i psihomotorni razvoj. Poteškoće s kojima se djeca suočavaju u svom djetinjstvu otmice su i krijumčarenje, prisilni rad nametnut od otmičara ili članova obitelji, prisilna prostitucija, vrbovanje u kriminalne bande, nizak životni i zdravstveni standard, te na koncu nemogućnost kvalitetnoga obrazovanja. Same obrazovne mogućnosti nedovoljne su, pa čak i odsutne za neku djecu, zbog čega su djeca prisiljena, svojom voljom ili tuđom, ulaziti u navedene teškoće. Unatoč brojnim zakonima i pravima koje osigurava UN, za djecu Trećeg svijeta malo se toga čini osim osvještavanja Prvoga svijeta o njihovim problemima, koji bivaju u pravilu ignorirani.

Trgovina ljudima ili trafficking vrsta je transnacionalnog organiziranog kriminala koja je jako profitabilna i vrlo ju je teško iskorijeniti. Utječe na živote i sigurnost brojnih ljudi diljem svijeta, pa tako i građana Europske Unije. Ovaj rad bavi se trgovinom ljudima u svrhu prostitucije jer je seksualna eksploatacija prepoznata kao najčešći oblik eksploatacije žrtvi trafficking-a. Istražuje se relevantna legislacija o trgovini ljudima za EU, obuhvaćajući direktive Unije, konvencije Ujedinjenih naroda i Vijeća Europe te se daje pregled djelovanja FRONTEX-a i EUROPOL-a kao agencija Europske Unije koje djeluju u svrhu suzbijanja te pojave. Na kraju se sagledava tri modela zakonske regulacije prostitucije prisutne u tri države članice Unije: abolicionističke u Švedskoj, legalizacije u Nizozemskoj te prohibicionističke u Hrvatskoj. Cilj rada jest otkriti kako koji od tih modela utječe na vidljivost trgovine ljudima u svrhu prostitucije, na što je teško jasno odgovoriti zbog činjenice da je opseg ukupne trgovine ljudima nemoguće saznati zbog njenog ilegalnog karaktera i poteškoća u stvaranju konzistentne i kvalitetne zajedničke međunrodne baze podataka o ovoj pojavi. ; Trafficking in human beings is a highly profitable transnational organized crime activity that is difficult to eradicate. It makes an impact on the lives and safety of many people around the world, including the citizens of the European Union. This paper deals with trafficking in human beings for the purpose of prostitution because sexual exploitation is recognized as the most common form of exploitation of the victims of trafficking. This paper researches the relevant EU legislation on trafficking in human beings, including the EU Directives, the UN Convention and the Council of Europe Convention. It also reviews the work of FRONTEX and EUROPOL as European Union agencies acting to counteract phenomenon of trafficking. Finally, three models of legal regulation of prostitution which are present in three EU member states are being considered: ...