Suchergebnisse

The 2 central goals of the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT) are reduced protection and non-discriminatory trade policies. Argues that despite the strong GATT position against the latter, there are many post-war examples that can be cited. One common set--voluntary export quotas, orderly marketing arrangements, and the like--have protection as their aim. The remaining preferential trading agreements (PTAs), ranging from simple one-way trade preferences to full-scale customs union, have discrimination as their purpose. (AM)

Draws on both theory and evaluations of several major Preferential trading arrangements (PTAs) to discuss the constraints to achieving liberalisation in PTAs and key problems facing negotiators trying to achieve the best outcomes within given political economy constraints, such as choice of rules of origin and dispute settlement procedures

We propose that major powers give foreign aid to developing countries to facilitate politically costly economic reforms that preferential trading agreements prescribe. Democratic developing countries (1) need adjustment assistance more than autocracies and (2) can credibly commit to using fungible revenue to compensate the domestic losers, so a side payment for deeper reforms should only be available for democracies. A quantitative test lends support to the theory. Fully democratic developing countries that form a preferential trading agreement with the European Union or the United States obtain a large increase in foreign aid in the short run. These results imply that donors have used foreign aid to strengthen the effect of preferential trading agreements on economic reforms. Adapted from the source document.