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The purpose of this article is to provide, for specialists as well as those who do not follow Panamanian politics, an account of the 1994 election and an assessment of its significance in terms of the consolidation of democracy in Panama. Panama held its first post-transition national election on 8 May 1994, in which not only presidential and legislative, but also local, offices were contested.This analysis addresses both the electoral process and its product, i.e., which parties and candidates won. These two aspects are assessed separately because they (1) reflect different political dynamics and (2) have different implications for democratic consolidation. As a process, Panama's 1994 election reflected the substantial progress made toward institutionalizing an independent, nonpartisan Electoral Tribunal and building the public's confidence that their votes cast will determine who wins.

Firms in post-transition economies are frequently considered less efficient than those in more advanced market economies. By relying on the World Bank Enterprise Survey for the year 2019, firm-level technical inefficiency is estimated by the stochastic frontier analysis method for a sample of European post-transition countries. To be precise, the analysis included Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czechia, Estonia, North Macedonia, Poland, Serbia, and Slovenia. Furthermore, the factors contributing to the firm-level inefficiency are explored in a comparative setting. The effects of the international orientation of the firm, foreign ownership, doing business with the government sector, presence of informal competitors, innovation activity, manager experience, and the age of the firm on the technical inefficiency are estimated. Results show that although some factors are common to a subsample of countries, not a single factor is significant in all the analysed economies.

Firms in post-transition economies are frequently considered less efficient than those in more advanced market economies. By relying on the World Bank Enterprise Survey for the year 2019, firm-level technical inefficiency is estimated by the stochastic frontier analysis method for a sample of European post-transition countries. To be precise, the analysis included Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czechia, Estonia, North Macedonia, Poland, Serbia, and Slovenia. Furthermore, the factors contributing to the firm-level inefficiency are explored in a comparative setting. The effects of the international orientation of the firm, foreign ownership, doing business with the government sector, presence of informal competitors, innovation activity, manager experience, and the age of the firm on the technical inefficiency are estimated. Results show that although some factors are common to a subsample of countries, not a single factor is significant in all the analysed economies.

Analysis of how changes in the election process influenced the outcome of the May 8, 1994 presidential, legislative, and local elections; implications for consolidation of democracy. Discusses importance of return to power of Partido Revolucionario Democrático (PRD) of the former Noriega military regime.

Change is inevitable in Cuba. Both Fidel Castro and his brother Raul are aging. Their passing will trigger either a succession or a transition. Eventually Cuba will change. With that change, the security requirements of Cuba will change as well. This monograph provides an analysis of security requirements that the new Cuba will face and makes proposals on what missions and structure the Cuban security forces might have after a transition. The overall long-range US goal is a stable, democratic Cuba which is integrated into the global market economy. The U.S. Government Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba says that if a Cuban government asks for assistance, the United States could be made available "in preparing the Cuban military forces to adjust to an appropriate role in a democracy." This monograph proposes a way ahead in preparing Cuban forces for the future. ; https://press.armywarcollege.edu/monographs/1673/thumbnail.jpg

Change is inevitable in Cuba. Both Fidel Castro and his brother Raul are aging. Their passing will trigger either a succession or a transition. Eventually Cuba will change. With that change, the security requirements of Cuba will change as well. This monograph provides an analysis of security requirements that the new Cuba will face and makes proposals on what missions and structure the Cuban security forces might have after a transition. The overall long-range US goal is a stable, democratic Cuba which is integrated into the global market economy. The U.S. Government Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba says that if a Cuban government asks for assistance, the United States could be made available "in preparing the Cuban military forces to adjust to an appropriate role in a democracy." This monograph proposes a way ahead in preparing Cuban forces for the future. ; "August 2007." ; Includes bibliographical references (p. 31-33) ; Introduction -- U.S. policy towards Cuba -- The FAR -- The Cuban defense forces -- Nicaragua: a case study -- Recommendations -- Conclusion. ; Change is inevitable in Cuba. Both Fidel Castro and his brother Raul are aging. Their passing will trigger either a succession or a transition. Eventually Cuba will change. With that change, the security requirements of Cuba will change as well. This monograph provides an analysis of security requirements that the new Cuba will face and makes proposals on what missions and structure the Cuban security forces might have after a transition. The overall long-range US goal is a stable, democratic Cuba which is integrated into the global market economy. The U.S. Government Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba says that if a Cuban government asks for assistance, the United States could be made available "in preparing the Cuban military forces to adjust to an appropriate role in a democracy." This monograph proposes a way ahead in preparing Cuban forces for the future. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; 1579189OSU's copy 1 gift of Ann W. and Emanuel D. Rudolph.

This article reviews recent ethnographic works on the former Soviet Union, Eastern and Central Europe, and Mongolia that explore the experiences of people enduring drastic transformations following the collapse of socialism in 1990 and the consequent implementation of a neoliberal "shock therapy." The anthropologists working on postsocialist societies have shown that transition theories are inherently faulty and their implementation often had damaging results. The current condition is not a period of transition or "bridge" between socialism and capitalism. Instead individuals' activities, memory, social networks, and culturally specific values lead to uncertainty as a state of dynamic being. This article argues that uncertainty is a complex conceptual space that offers further opportunities to step away from the evolutionary mode of thinking and to develop theories of multiple ways of being.