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Why do lawmakers resort to physical violence in some parliaments but not in others? Brawls not only constitute a stark break with democratic norms and ideals, they also affect voter perceptions and have been seen as a bellwether for conflict and democratic backsliding. Yet, the phenomenon remains poorly understood. This paper introduces a new, original dataset recording reported incidents of physical fights in parliaments across the globe between 1980 and 2018 that includes almost four times more cases of violence than existing data. Theoretically, we argue that levels of democracy and the composition of parliament should drive violence. The analysis shows that fighting is most common in countries that are neither very autocratic nor very democratic, in fragmented parliaments, and in chambers with slim majorities. The findings have implications for the study of (de-)democratization, political instability, and the design of democratic institutions.

Mandy Sheridan, currently a probation officer at Full Sutton Prison, reports her research into staff perceptions and experience of violence in one Probation Area, identifies shortcomings in training and management and makes proposals for safer, more effective policy and practice.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Part I. Researching Family Violence -- 1. The National Family Violence Surveys -- The Samples -- The Conflict Tactics Scales -- The Social Causes of Family Violence -- A More Comprehensive Analysis of Violence -- Trend and Panel Studies -- Differences and Similarities Between the Two -- Critics of the national surveys -- The Issues -- 2. Methodological Issues in the Study of Family Violence -- Major Questions in the Study of Family Violence -- Issues of Definition -- Random Sample Surveys: Questionnaires, In-Person Interviews, and Telephone Interviews -- Measurement Issues -- Research Designs: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Designs -- Toward Improved Research on Family Violence -- 3. Measuring Intrafamily Conflict and Violence: The Conflict Tactics (CT) -- Some Conceptual Distinctions -- The Conflict Tactics Scales -- Scoring -- Analysis of Violence Scores -- Factor Structure of the CTS -- Reliability -- Validity -- Norms -- Summary and Conclusions -- Appendix -- 4. The Conflict Tactics Scales and Its Critics: An Evaluation and New Data on Validity and Reliability -- Objectives of the Chapter -- Descriptions of the CTS -- Criticisms of the CTS Violence Measures -- Alternative Measures -- Reliability and Validity -- Summary and Conclusions -- 5. Injury and Frequency of Assault and the "Representative Sample Fallacy" in Measuring Wife Beating and Child Abuse -- Violence, Abuse, and Assault -- Acts and Injury as Criteria for Abuse -- Frequency of Assault -- The Representative Sample Fallacy -- Appropriate Generalization from Clinical and Representative Samples -- Part II. Incidence and Tr ends -- 6. How Violent Are American Families? Estimates from the National Family Violence Resurvey and Other Studies Murray -- Violence between Spouses

Physical violence against nurses has become an endemic problem affecting nurses in all settings. The purpose of this study was to describe acts of physical violence against emergency nurses perceived as stressful using a qualitative descriptive design with a national sample of emergency nurses. The guiding conceptual model for the study was the Ecological Occupational Health Model of Workplace Assault. Narrative accounts of physical violence were analyzed using a constant comparative analysis method. Key findings included risks related to employee, workplace, and aggressor factors, and descriptions of physical violence. Discussion of the study findings suggests that efforts to prevent violence and promote workplace safety need to focus on designing work environments that allow for the quick egress of employees, establishing and consistently enforcing policies aimed at violence prevention, and maintaining positive working relationships with security officers. While patients with mental health or substance use complaints are deemed most likely to commit physical violence, they are not the only patients to become violent. Risk reduction efforts should target all patients and visitors.

The explanation of the worldwide spread and long-term maintenance of economic asymmetries and centralized and hierarchical political structures is a major concern for sociological and humanistic disciplines. This problem may be formulated as a paradox when exploited and victimized groups overtly support the social order that subdues them. Archaeology is able to address this problem from a broad and long-term perspective. The aim of this paper is to discuss the implications of public, lethal physical violence in the context of class societies. These are characterized by economic exploitation, centralization of political power, labour specialization and heavy restrictions of vital and cognitive perspectives for most of the population. It is suggested that key social relations under these conditions could be similar to the hostage-captor bond. Henceforth, inferences based on social and psychobiological reasoning are suggested in order to solve the aforementioned social paradox. ; La explicación de la expansión mundial y el mantenimiento a largo plazo de disimetrías económicas y estructuras políticas centralizadas y jerárquicas constituye un tema fundamental para las disciplinas sociales y humanas. Esta problemática puede formularse como una paradoja cuando los grupos explotados y victimizados apoyan abiertamente el orden social que los somete. La arqueología tiene la capacidad de abordar este problema desde una perspectiva a largo plazo. El objetivo del presente artículo es analizar las implicaciones de la violencia física letal y pública en el contexto de las sociedades clasistas. Estas se caracterizan por explotación económica, poder político centralizado, especialización laboral y severas limitaciones en cuanto a las perspectivas vitales y cognitivas para la mayoría de la población. Se propone que algunas de las relaciones clave bajo dichas condiciones pueden asimilarse al vínculo entre rehén y captor. A partir de ahí, se plantean inferencias basadas en argumentos psicobiológicos a fin de resolver la paradoja social antes mencionada.

This article explores whether payment issues or presence of dowry demand in marriage reflecting patriarchal attitude of marital family underlies the positive relationship between dowry and wife abuse using a sample of reproductive-age women ( N = 2,702) from a population-based survey conducted in urban and rural Bangladesh in 2001. Regression results show that absence of dowry demand in marriage lowered the likelihood of physical wife abuse in the rural site and its frequency and severity in both sites compared with marriages where dowry was demanded and fully paid. The results suggest that in general, dowry demand predicts the extent, frequency, and severity of physical wife abuse regardless of the status of dowry payment. No payment of dowry increased the likelihood of abuse, its frequency, and severity in households demanding dowry. The direction of association between partial payment of dowry and violence, however, was different in different sites, calling for further research.