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Not Available ; Haemonchus contortus, commonly known as Barber's pole worm, is an economically important gastrointestinal nematode of sheep and goats especially in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Cysteine synthesis is a very important metabolic pathway for the parasite, however the functional aspects of cysteine synthesis in parasite are largely unknown. The key question which we have investigated in the study is; whether the parasite uses a de novo pathway of cysteine synthesis, which is unknown in multicellular organisms of the animal kingdom and known to be absent in mammals. Directional cloning of the cysteine synthase (CS) gene was done in pET303 champion vector using restriction sites XbaI and XhoI. The CS gene of the H. contortus was closely related to CS-A protein of Oesophagostomum dentatum and a hypothetical protein of Ancylostoma ceylanicum. Recombinant protein of the H. contortus CS (rHCCS) gene was expressed using pET303 vector in pLysS BL21 strain of E. coli and subsequently purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. Western blot using anti-His tag antibody confirmed the presence of rHC-CS. Biochemical assay, FTIR and enzyme kinetics studies revealed that rHC-CS used O-acetyl serine as substrate to produce cysteine using de novo pathway and CS activity was also confirmed with the homogenate of H. contortus. Upregulation of CS transcripts in the adult and its downregulation in the L3 larval stage suggests that de novo pathway contributes to the cysteine requirement of mature H. contortus. It is concluded that de novo pathway is an active metabolic pathway in H. contortus. ; Department of Science and Technology, Government of India

Colorectal cancer is the third most frequent cancer for men and second most frequent for women in Switzerland (1). Rectal cancer requires a multidisciplinary treatment involving many specialists such as surgeons, oncologists, gastroenterologists, radio-oncologists, pathologists and general practitioners (GP). Their cooperation is crucial and has a great impact on the patient's clinical pathway and its outcomes. But what does « clinical pathway » mean? It means all the different appointments, examinations and treatments a patient suffering from rectal cancer will face during his journey and follow-up. Indeed, a person suffering of rectal cancer will see different physicians and und will undergo many different examinations and treatments. Initially, most patients consult their GPs with symptoms and then will be referred to a specialist for diagnosis and treatment. The GP's role is very important as they refer the patient to the specialist and initiate medical care. For example, in Israel, it has been described (2-3) that 52% of the patients had a diagnosis delay of up to 6 weeks or more. The responsibility for these delays could be attributed to a practitioners-related component in 47% and for 54% to a patient-component such as lack of education. However, administrative factors have been responsible for 26% of delay involving more than one speciality/person in 27%. With this GPs-component, the UK (4) government had introduced since 2000 a two-weeks rule for colonic and rectal cancer. This rule says that all the patients with a suspected rectal or colonic cancer have to be referred to a specialist within two weeks in order to get their colonoscopy and diagnosis. Indeed, prospective studies (4) have demonstrated that this 2 weeks rule allowed patients to reduce the wait to see a specialist but unfortunately didn't affect the overall wait to treatment start or staging of the disease. The delay between the diagnosis and treatment was still cited as a significant problem in the medical care of the patients. ...

We describe two experiments that examine 3D pathway displays in a head-up location for aircraft landing and taxi. We address both guidance performance and pilot strategies in dividing, focusing, and allocating attention between flight path information and event monitoring. In Experiment 1 the 3D pathway head-up display (HUD) was compared with a conventional 2D HUD. The former was found to produce better guidance, with few costs to event detection. Some evidence was provided that attentional tunneling of the pathway HUD inhibits the detection of unexpected traffic events. In Experiment 2, the pathway display was compared in a head-up versus a head-down location. Excellent guidance was achieved in both locations. A slight HUD cost for vertical tracking in the air was offset by a HUD benefit for event detection and for lateral tracking during taxi (i.e., on the ground). The results of both experiments are interpreted within the framework of object- and space-based theories of visual attention and point to the conclusion that pathway HUDs combine the independent advantages of pathways and HUDs, particularly during ground operations. Actual or potential applications include understanding the costs and benefits of positioning a 3D pathway display

PPIC research associate Cesar Alesi Perez presents a new report on recent trends in community college transfers, and research fellow Marisol Cuellar Mejia and a panel of higher education leaders discuss efforts to streamline the transfer process.