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The article deals with the relevant linguistic issue of correlation between word spelling and the distinction of units belonging to different grammatical classes. The concepts of word and part of speech are contrasted. The author has revealed the peculiarities of lexical units functioning in written speech, which enables their part-of-speech status identification. The analysis of criteria, suggested by the linguists for differentiation of homonymous adverbs, preposition-and-case-form combinations, and derivative prepositions resulted in proposing a procedure of consecutive operations, accomplished to identify the part-of-speech status of grammatically homonymous words. The results of the linguistic experiment show how in speech practice native speakers solve the problems of part of speech determination and establishing the spelling of such words. It was revealed that the methods for distinguishing grammatical homonyms used by recipients, in many cases, do not lead to the correct solution. The existing codified guidelines are not applied while writing, as spelling of the major part of grammatically homonymous words does not meet the requirements of the norm. To solve the problem under consideration, it is necessary to adjust the content of spelling rules and change the spelling of a number of words, where traditional spelling principles are reflected.

This article considers phonetic and graphic transformations of Russian loanwords in Chinese. The study comprises an analysis of both proper and common nouns, as well as both loanwords included in dictionaries and those used in the Internet. The data considered make it possible to detect the main trends in the adaptation of Russian consonants in Chinese, as well as to localize the hypothetical influence of the Russian-Chinese pidgin on current loanword adaptation in Mandarin Chinese. It is noted that there is a dramatic discrepancy between the norms of transliteration prescribed by the PRC media and the usage in the Internet. Furthermore, a significant level of specificity of the hieroglyphic N-grams in the loanwords is revealed, compared to the reference corpus of the Chinese texts. The author expects that the results of the work will be useful for specialists both in phonetic typology and in NLP.

This study focuses upon a detailed description and analysis of the phonetic structures of Paiwan, an aboriginal language spoken in Taiwan, with around 53,000 speakers, Paiwan, a member of the Austronesian language family, is not typologically related to the other languages such as Mandarin and Taiwanese spoken in its geographically contiguous districts, Earlier work on phonological features of Paiwan (Chang, 1999; Tseng, 2003) sought an account in terms of segments and isolated facts about reduplication and stress, without accounting for the possible roles of phrase-level and sentence-Ievel prosodic structures, Government Teaching Material (1993) listed 25 consonants and 4 vowels, without any description of phonetic features and phonological rules, Chang's (2000) reference grammar included 22 consonants and 4 vowels, with a very brief description of 5 phonological rules on single words, Regional diversity and 25 consonants have been mentioned in Pulaluyan's (2002) teaching material; however, no description of phonological rules was found in his material.

The article explores I. Puliui's individual style peculiarities in the context of the language norm dynamics. It covers basic parameters of the thinker's orthographic and phonetic, morphological and syntactic, as well as lexical and semantic practices. The study affirms absolute peculiarity of the language proficiency of the leading representative of the south-western variant of literary Ukrainian language in the period of its final vernacular-based stage of codification. The author suggests diachronic and synchronic comparative analysis of the language norm dynamics according to the leading and the most complete lexicographical sources on the background of the tough social and political situation in Ukraine, when it was separated between Austria-Hungary and Russia. The study considers the lack of the unified literary norm of Ukrainian and the future perspective of the specific Ukrainian language norms reversion to modern coding. ; У статті досліджено своєрідність ідіостилю І.Пулюя в контексті динаміки мовної норми. Розкрито основні параметри правописно-фонетичної, морфолого-синтаксичної та лексико-семантичної практики мислителя. Доведено абсолютну питомість мовного узусу чільного представника південно-західного варіянту української літературної мови в час її завершального етапу кодифікування на народній основі.

International audience ; Listeners can adjust and recalibrate their phonetic boundaries based on exposure to new speech input (Norris et al., 2003). In this study, we investigate whether social factors external to the speech signal during exposure can affect this phonetic recalibration. Specifically, we test whether phonetic recalibration is modulated by the facial expression of the speaker. Existing studies show that speech production and perception are dynamically sensitive to social characteristics of the speaker (Niedzielski, 1997; Johnson et al., 1999; Babel 2012, i.a.), but it has not been studied whether perceptual learning (i.e., phonetic recalibration) is similarly sensitive to social factors.During a training phase, participants were presented auditorily with (i) 60 words with a word-medial /d/ (e.g., academia), (ii) 60 with a word-medial /t/ (e.g., politician), and (iii) 60 filler words containing neither /d/ nor /t/. An additional set of 180 non-word fillers contained neither /d/ nor /t/. The auditory material was produced by a female native speaker of American English. The task of the participants was to make a lexical decision for the 360 spoken words and non-words. Crucially, the /t/ sounds in the t-words were carefully manipulated – in particular, by shortening VOT and closure length – to be ambiguous between /t/ and /d/, and this manipulation was verified in a separate norming study. The /d/ sounds were not manipulated. During this training phase, a picture of a woman was presented on the screen. In one between-subjects condition (Smile), the woman was smiling; in the other condition (No Smile), the same woman was not smiling. After the training phase, the participants performed a categorization task for tokens on an 11-step /ata/-/ada/ continuum to assess whether their category boundary between /t/ and /d/ had shifted. Since the /t/ sounds in the training are closer to /d/ than usual, if perceptual learning occurs, the category boundary should shift towards the /d/-end of the continuum. Results ...

International audience ; Listeners can adjust and recalibrate their phonetic boundaries based on exposure to new speech input (Norris et al., 2003). In this study, we investigate whether social factors external to the speech signal during exposure can affect this phonetic recalibration. Specifically, we test whether phonetic recalibration is modulated by the facial expression of the speaker. Existing studies show that speech production and perception are dynamically sensitive to social characteristics of the speaker (Niedzielski, 1997; Johnson et al., 1999; Babel 2012, i.a.), but it has not been studied whether perceptual learning (i.e., phonetic recalibration) is similarly sensitive to social factors.During a training phase, participants were presented auditorily with (i) 60 words with a word-medial /d/ (e.g., academia), (ii) 60 with a word-medial /t/ (e.g., politician), and (iii) 60 filler words containing neither /d/ nor /t/. An additional set of 180 non-word fillers contained neither /d/ nor /t/. The auditory material was produced by a female native speaker of American English. The task of the participants was to make a lexical decision for the 360 spoken words and non-words. Crucially, the /t/ sounds in the t-words were carefully manipulated – in particular, by shortening VOT and closure length – to be ambiguous between /t/ and /d/, and this manipulation was verified in a separate norming study. The /d/ sounds were not manipulated. During this training phase, a picture of a woman was presented on the screen. In one between-subjects condition (Smile), the woman was smiling; in the other condition (No Smile), the same woman was not smiling. After the training phase, the participants performed a categorization task for tokens on an 11-step /ata/-/ada/ continuum to assess whether their category boundary between /t/ and /d/ had shifted. Since the /t/ sounds in the training are closer to /d/ than usual, if perceptual learning occurs, the category boundary should shift towards the /d/-end of the continuum. Results ...