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Due to the growing significance of international studies, the need for tools to assess the equivalence of items in international surveys is pressing. Online probing is a powerful tool for identifying the causes of non-equivalence; it incorporates probing techniques from cognitive interviewing in cross-national web surveys. So far, our online probing approach has applied three different probe types - category-selection probes, specific probes, and comprehension probes - to inquire about different aspects of an item. Previous research has mostly asked one probe type per item but in some situations it might be preferable to test potentially troublesome items with multiple probe types. However, empirical evidence is missing on whether the sequence of probe types has an impact on response quality, respondents' motivation, and answer content. In this study, we report evidence from a web experiment that was conducted with 1,354 respondents from Germany, Great Britain, the U.S., Spain, and Mexico in June 2014. In this experiment, we asked respondents three different probes for one item and we manipulated the sequence of probes in each experimental condition. Our research indicates that the sequence in which different probe types are asked has an impact on response quality, the respondents' motivation, and probe answer content. However, the respondents in the five countries react differently on the variation in the probe sequence suggesting that response behavior on probes is partly culturally driven.

THE BOOK OF PROBES is an exciting new publication that brings together for the first time a collection of his most prescient aphorisms and excerpts of McLuhan's prolific life's work. It is a revolutionary book that displays his bold perceptions; such as 'obsolescence is the moment of superabundance' which he calls 'probes'.

Using the random probe technique, respondents (N not provided) were asked to explain their answers to about 30 questions from the 1984 General Social Survey. Overall there appears to be few validity problems with these questions, but some alternative understandings & problems are examined. It is concluded that the random probe technique can provide substantive insight. 1 Table, 1 Appendix, 24 References. Adapted from the source document.

This article examines the economics of traveler information from probe vehicles to understand how many probes are needed to provide useful information and how that probe information might be suppliedto travelers. Probes differ from permanently installed roadway detection devices both because they provide information that is less current andbecause an information system centeredon this technology can be organizedin the form of private clubs rather than a government agency. This article estimates travel time associatedwith various shares of probes among the fleet by simulating different levels of probes, information subscription, and congestion. It examines the travel time saving under both recurring and nonrecurring congestion. With the latter, a low frequency of probes is sufficient to detect the incident andenable information consumers to choose alternates. However, smoothing the stochastic nature of traffic under recurring congestion requires a relatively high share of probes, depending on the level of congestion.