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Valentine Ugwuoke (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) has posted Neurotechnology and the Law; Privacy and Security Concerns on SSRN. Here is the abstract: It was generally believed that the human brain which houses intentions and thoughts, is an impregnable fortress...

Neurotechnology in National Security and Defense: Practical Considerations, Neuroethical Concerns is the second volume in the Advances in Neurotechnology series. It specifically addresses the neuroethical, legal, and social issues arising from the use of neurotechnology in national security and defense agendas and applications.

In the past years, research on military applications of neuroscience has grown in sophistication. We may expect that future neuroweapons will be advertised as resting on the most objective form of human cognition, leading to greater accuracy in targeting and better compliance with the law than traditional weapons. Are states using weapon systems that draw on neuroscience capable of applying IHL to that use? Only at the price of a decision review system so fundamental as to eradicate the temporal advantages neuroweapons are designed to create. I argue that the application of contemporary IHL presupposes that cognition is embodied in one single human being and coupled to language. Neuroweapons spread cognition across humans and machines combined, and largely eliminate the cognitive role of language. Both traits render the distinction between superior and subordinate unstable, therewith disrupting the premises of responsibility under IHL. By consequence, it is impossible to assess whether future uses of these weapons are lawful under IHL.

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- 1: Introduction: Ethical Issues of Neurotechnologies and Artificial Intelligence -- 1.1 Neurotechnology + Artificial Intelligence = Intelligent Neurotechnologies (INT) -- 1.2 Novel Philosophical, Ethical, Legal, and Sociological Approaches to INT: An Overview -- References -- 2: Actions, Agents, and Interfaces -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 BCIs and the Decoding of Movement Intention -- 2.3 Basic and Non-basic Actions -- 2.4 Action, Belief, and Reliability -- 2.5 Action, BCIs, and Identification -- 2.6 Conclusion -- References -- 3: Skilled Action and the Ethics of Brain-Computer Interfaces -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Do BCI Actions Differ from Ordinary Actions? -- 3.2.1 How Does Acting with a BCI Work? -- 3.2.2 What Is Peculiar About BCIs? -- 3.3 Is Acting with a BCI a Skill Users Can Acquire? -- 3.3.1 What Is Skilled Acting? -- 3.3.2 Learning Effects and BCI Skills -- 3.3.3 Skilled Acting in Action Theory -- 3.4 The Normative Implications of Skilled BCI Use -- 3.5 Conclusion -- References -- 4: Augmenting Autonomy Through Neurotechnological Intervention à la Kant: Paradox or Possibility? -- 4.1 Introduction: The Basis for Augmenting Autonomy Through Brain-Computer Interfacing -- 4.2 Instrumental Autonomy and Moral Autonomy -- 4.3 Advancing from the Enhancement of Instrumental to Moral Autonomy in a Naturalistic Framework -- 4.4 Escaping the Paradox: Extending the Notion of Self-Legislation -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- 5: Can BCIs Enlighten the Concept of Agency? A Plea for an Experimental Philosophy of Neurotechnology -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Neuroadaptation and Symbiotic Technology -- 5.3 Sense of Agency -- 5.4 Experimental Philosophy -- 5.5 Me and My Subconscious Brain States in Action -- 5.6 Conclusion: A Call for ST-Based Experimental Philosophy -- References.

Last year, there was an increase in the amount of manpower in Malaysia, especially in terms of the numbers of neurosurgeons, cognitive neuroscientists and clinical psychologists. One way to increase the number of cognitive neurotechnologists in the country in 2021 is to allow neuroscientists to register as neurotechnologists with the Malaysian Board of Technologists (MBOT). The Malaysian Brain Mapping project has risen from its humble beginnings as an initiative of the Universiti Sains Malaysia Brain Mapping Group in 2017. There is currently a proposal for its entry into the national arena via the Precision Medicine Initiative with the Academy Science Malaysia, the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Ministry of Higher Education and Ministry of Health. The current Malaysian Government's Science, Technology, Innovation and Economy (STIE) plan was launched in 2020, leading to the establishment of neurotechnology as one of 10 STIE drivers.

Recent advances in military-funded neurotechnology and novel opportunities for misusing neurodevices show that the problem of dual use is inherent to neuroscience. This paper discusses how the neuroscience community should respond to these dilemmas and delineates a neuroscience-specific biosecurity framework. This neurosecurity framework involves calibrated regulation, (neuro)ethical guidelines, and awareness-raising activities within the scientific community.