Suchergebnisse

© 2009 The Authors. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. The definitive version was published in Biogeosciences 6 (2009): 1799-1810, doi:10.5194/bg-6-1799-2009 ; It has been proposed that the disagreement traditionally reported between in vitro incubation and in situ estimates of oxygen net community production (NCP) could be explained, at least partially, by undersampling episodic pulses of net autotrophy associated with mesoscale dynamics. In this study we compare in vitro incubation estimates of net community production with in situ estimates, derived from oxygen profiles and a 1-D model, within a cyclonic eddy investigated in the Sargasso Sea in summer 2004. The in vitro NCP rates measured at the center of the eddy showed a shift from net autotrophy (7±3 mmol O2 m−2 d−1) to net heterotrophy (−25±5 mmol O2 m−2 d−1) from late June to early August. The model-derived NCP rates also showed a temporal decline (19±6 to −3±7 and 11±8 mmol O2 m−2 d−1), but they were systematically higher than the in vitro estimates and reported net autotrophy or balance for the sampling period. In this comparison episodic pulses in photosynthesis or respiration driven by mesoscale eddies can not explain the discrepancy between the in vitro and in situ estimates of NCP. This points to methodological artefacts or temporal or submesoscale variability as the mechanisms responsible for the disagreement between the techniques, at least in this dataset. ; B. Mourino-Carballido was supported by a Fulbright postdoctoral fellowship and the Isidro Parga Pondal program from the Galician government.

The nations community colleges serve as the educational safety net for millions of students. While the safety net is showing signs of wear, it can be restored within current state and federal policies guiding higher education. Bipartisan support can and should be developed for this agenda because it cuts across the desire within both major political parties to create opportunities for those left behind. As policymakers consider how to make a community college education affordable to people across all walks of life, this report points out some policy questions and recommendation for them. ; Institute for Research on Higher Education, Graduate School of Education, University of Pennsylvania

Introduction -- Theoretical perspective on the psychosocial and organizational life environment and ICT -- Information and communication technology (ICT) : past, present and future -- ICT and humans : ongoing changes in working life -- Home of the future and ICT : integration of professional and private roles -- ICT and humans : ongoing changes in communities -- ICT and psychosocial communication -- ICT and stress -- From theory to actions : how to achieve the good ICT society : a tree of action

Using original research materials of in-depth interviews with community network development workers, multimedia and graphic designers, public authority managers, and a number of case studies (a Bangladeshi Electronic Village Hall, Manchester Multimedia and Networking Centre, the Manchester Community Information Network, and Virtual Manchester) this article traces out the views of interviewees on the trajectory of community and civic net provision in the city. Sources of discontent were found in: commodification of local civic nets, a prevalent middle-brow approach to web page design, the influence of 'cultural intermediaries' in and on publicly funded telematics and multimedia software development agencies, the impact of an entrepreneurial ethos in local authority policy formation, and pedagogic and patronizing attitudes towards local communities on the part of local area net development agencies. The article argues that, alongside structural corporate ICT power and the technological and scientific ICT R&D professions, these problems have a telling impact on the nature of civic and community net development. As well as criticism of the prevailing nature of city nets, the article more positively prompts a call to local authorities to adopt a form of 'critical regionalism' in order to put the control of civic nets back with the communities they are supposed primarily to be aimed at. This means empowering community ICT nodes, involving them directly in the development process, and moderating the impact of corporate ICT and cultural intermediaries within publicly funded ICT agencies. Given the renewed role for local governance in conditions of globalization such policies would aid the development of thriving and viable local community networks.

From 1747 to 1765 Scarborough created a safety net to keep its maritime dependents from becoming impoverished. A web of kinship connections that permitted sailors to move between land and sea as well as between maritime roles as they aged; the employment of maritime servants; the extensive hiring of elderly seamen; the use of the Seamen's Sixpence after legislative reform in 1747 to develop locally operated seamen's hospitals for the benefit of sailors and their families; and strong community support of the hospitals worked together to provide a social safety net that was, by eighteenth century standards, robust and effective.

This paper interprets case studies and theory on community involvement in beneficiary selection and benefit delivery for social safety nets. Several considerations should be carefully balanced in assessing the advantages of using community groups as targeting agents. First, gains from utilizing local information and social capital may be eroded by costly rent-seeking. Second, the potential improvement in targeting criteria from incorporating local notions of deprivation must be tempered by the possibility of program capture by local elites, and by the possibility that local preferences are not pro-poor. Third, intended outcomes may be undermined by unforeseen strategic targeting by local communities in response to national funding and evaluation criteria, or by declines in political support.

OBJECTIVE: To compare hospital‐community partnerships among safety‐net hospitals relative to non–safety‐net hospitals, and explore whether hospital‐community partnerships are associated with reductions in readmission rates. DATA SOURCES: Data from four nationwide hospital‐level datasets for 2015‐2016, including American Hospital Association (AHA) annual survey, Hospital Inpatient Prospective Payment System (IPPS) data, CMS Hospital Compare, and County Health Rankings National (CHRN) data. STUDY DESIGN: We first examined how safety‐net hospitals partner with nine different community providers, and how the overall and individual partnership patterns differ from those in non–safety‐net hospitals. We then explored their association with 30‐day readmission rates by diagnosis and hospital wide. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS: We included 1979 hospitals across 50 US states. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Safety‐net hospitals were more engaged in hospital‐community partnerships, especially with local public health, local governments, social services, nonprofits, and insurance companies, relative to their non–safety‐net peers. However, we found that such partnerships were not significantly related to reductions in readmission rates. The findings indicated that merely partnering with various community organizations may not be associated with readmission rate reduction. CONCLUSIONS: Before promoting partnerships with various community organizations for its own sake, further prospective, longitudinal, and evidence‐based guidance derived from the study of hospital‐community partnerships is needed to make meaningful recommendations aimed at readmission rate reduction in safety‐net hospitals.

Two-thirds of UK councils have declared a Climate Emergency, setting ambitious Net Zero targets for their regions that will require billions of low carbon investment over the coming decade. Yet councils are at the mercy of political changes that have seen PWLB rates fluctuate, grant income fall, and SALIX scrap its 0% loan offer. Councils will struggle to meet Net Zero targets whilst maintaining front line services without new sources of borrowing, non-repayable capital, and the active participation of residents. Enter Community Municipal Investments (CMIs). CMIs are green bonds issued by a council corporate body and administered by a regulated crowdfunding platform, Abundance Investment. Local residents and general public investors purchase the bonds, directing investor capital immediately and with high visibility towards the delivery of local Net Zero infrastructure projects. Working with the platform, CMIs also open a new communication channel between the council and residents about the urgency of the Climate Emergency and council's role in delivering Net Zero projects. The UK's first two CMIs were launched as local 'Climate Bonds' by West Berkshire Council and Warrington Borough Council in the Summer of 2020. Each met their £1M target ahead of the close date. This report presents key findings from these two case studies and evaluates the potential scalability of CMIs as a simple, low-risk mechanism for diversifying borrowing sources and – due to an innovative donation feature – a new way of boosting non-repayable capital for councils.

Front Cover -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Analytical Table of Contents -- Preface -- List of Acronyms -- 1 Introduction -- 2 How the Federal Government Created the Internet, and How the Internet Is Threatened by the Government's Withdrawal -- 3 Federal Spending and the Regionalization of Technology Development -- 4 Business Cooperation and the Business Politics of Regions in the Information Age -- 5 Banks, Electricity, and Phones: Technology, Regional Decline, and the Marketization of Fixed Capital -- 6 Local Government Up for Bid: Internet Taxes, Economic Development, and Public Information -- 7 Conclusion: The Death of Community Economics, or Think Locally, Act Globally -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- Back Cover.