Suchergebnisse

Protection of natural or semi-natural ecosystems is an important part of societal strategies for maintaining biodiversity, ecosystem services, and achieving overall sustainable development. The assessment of multiple emerging land use trade-offs is complicated by the fact that land use changes occur and have consequences at local, regional, and even global scale. Outcomes also depend on the underlying socio-economic trends. We apply a coupled, multi-scale modelling system to assess an increase in nature protection areas as a key policy option in the European Union (EU). The main goal of the analysis is to understand the interactions between policy-induced land use changes across different scales and sectors under two contrasting future socio-economic pathways. We demonstrate how complementary insights into land system change can be gained by coupling land use models for agriculture, forestry, and urban areas for Europe, in connection with other world regions. The simulated policy case of nature protection shows how the allocation of a certain share of total available land to newly protected areas, with specific management restrictions imposed, may have a range of impacts on different land-based sectors until the year 2040. Agricultural land in Europe is slightly reduced, which is partly compensated for by higher management intensity. As a consequence of higher costs, total calorie supply per capita is reduced within the EU. While wood harvest is projected to decrease, carbon sequestration rates increase in European forests. At the same time, imports of industrial roundwood from other world regions are expected to increase. Some of the aggregate effects of nature protection have very different implications at the local to regional scale in different parts of Europe. Due to nature protection measures, agricultural production is shifted from more productive land in Europe to on average less productive land in other parts of the world. This increases, at the global level, the allocation of land resources for agriculture, leading to a decrease in tropical forest areas, reduced carbon stocks, and higher greenhouse gas emissions outside of Europe. The integrated modelling framework provides a method to assess the land use effects of a single policy option while accounting for the trade-offs between locations, and between regional, European, and global scales.

As other european mountains, the Pyrenees have constituted since the beginning of the 20th c. a privileged area for the application of various nature protection policies. Relations between nature protection and the other mountain's functions, considered for a long time with a dichotomised approach, were in fact complex and diversified. In a context of evolution where Pyrenean mountain is marked by desindustrialisation, the recombining of pastoral and forest productive systems, and the growth of local touristic economies, various actors have given to nature protection more and more social objectives which have complexed its implementation. It was used as a support for local strategies in order to reorganize and recombine collective action. However problems of coordination and conflicts of interests arise because of taking into account ecological stakes and the integration of nature protection into a functionalized logic of territorial development. ; A l'instar des autres massifs européens, les Pyrénées ont constitué un secteur privilégié pour l'application des générations successives de politiques de protection de la nature. La relation entre celle-ci et les fonctions sociales de la montagne, longtemps appréhendée suivant une lecture antithétique, a été en pratique diversifiée. Dans un contexte d'évolution marqué par l'héritage de la désindustrialisation, la recomposition des systèmes productifs pastoral et forestier et la croissance des économies locales touristiques, les acteurs publics ont progressivement investi la protection de la nature d'objectifs sociaux qui ont complexifié sa mise en œuvre. Elle a ainsi servi de support à la construction de stratégies de recomposition de l'action collective. Des problèmes de coordination et des conflits d'intérêts se posent cependant entre la prise en compte des enjeux écologiques et l'intégration de la protection de la nature à une logique fonctionnalisée de développement territorial.

As other european mountains, the Pyrenees have constituted since the beginning of the 20th c. a privileged area for the application of various nature protection policies. Relations between nature protection and the other mountain's functions, considered for a long time with a dichotomised approach, were in fact complex and diversified. In a context of evolution where Pyrenean mountain is marked by desindustrialisation, the recombining of pastoral and forest productive systems, and the growth of local touristic economies, various actors have given to nature protection more and more social objectives which have complexed its implementation. It was used as a support for local strategies in order to reorganize and recombine collective action. However problems of coordination and conflicts of interests arise because of taking into account ecological stakes and the integration of nature protection into a functionalized logic of territorial development. ; A l'instar des autres massifs européens, les Pyrénées ont constitué un secteur privilégié pour l'application des générations successives de politiques de protection de la nature. La relation entre celle-ci et les fonctions sociales de la montagne, longtemps appréhendée suivant une lecture antithétique, a été en pratique diversifiée. Dans un contexte d'évolution marqué par l'héritage de la désindustrialisation, la recomposition des systèmes productifs pastoral et forestier et la croissance des économies locales touristiques, les acteurs publics ont progressivement investi la protection de la nature d'objectifs sociaux qui ont complexifié sa mise en œuvre. Elle a ainsi servi de support à la construction de stratégies de recomposition de l'action collective. Des problèmes de coordination et des conflits d'intérêts se posent cependant entre la prise en compte des enjeux écologiques et l'intégration de la protection de la nature à une logique fonctionnalisée de développement territorial.

National audience ; This paper draws up a report about Nature preservation measures in Hungary and their effect on the development of post-socialist rural areas. The various status existing in the matter of Nature preservation, the public structures which have been set up to manage protected areas as well as their integration into local development dynamics are successively analysed. Meanwhile, it is demonstrated here that Hungarian "National Park Directorates" present a very specific mode of organization; this could allow them to play a leading role in coordinating local development initiatives dealing with environmental resources in rural areas, if not in helping in the redistribution of European funds targeted on the same subject. Directorates are indeed (a) public partners at the national level, since they represent the Ministry for environment and water management; (b) contributors in the councils for regional planning, since they stand for landscape planning on a whole regional territory; (c) active landowners, since they provide farm rent contracts at the local level and sometimes initiate programms for bio-farming, nature tourism or patrimonial enhancement. Latencies however remain from the socialist era as well as a passive resistance from inhabitants, which prevent this original "complex action system" from being fully active. ; Cet article constitue un rapport sur les mesures de protection de la nature en Hongrie et leur rôle dans le développement des campagnes post-socialistes. Sont analysés successivement les différents statuts de protection de la nature, les structures publiques mises en place pour gérer les zones protégées et l'intégration de ces structures dans les dynamiques de développement local. Il s'agit notamment de démontrer que les « Directions des parcs nationaux », en raison d'une organisation spécifique à la Hongrie, peuvent jouer un rôle central dans la coordination des initiatives de développement local autour de la ressource environnementale en milieu rural, voire dans la ...

National audience ; This paper draws up a report about Nature preservation measures in Hungary and their effect on the development of post-socialist rural areas. The various status existing in the matter of Nature preservation, the public structures which have been set up to manage protected areas as well as their integration into local development dynamics are successively analysed. Meanwhile, it is demonstrated here that Hungarian "National Park Directorates" present a very specific mode of organization; this could allow them to play a leading role in coordinating local development initiatives dealing with environmental resources in rural areas, if not in helping in the redistribution of European funds targeted on the same subject. Directorates are indeed (a) public partners at the national level, since they represent the Ministry for environment and water management; (b) contributors in the councils for regional planning, since they stand for landscape planning on a whole regional territory; (c) active landowners, since they provide farm rent contracts at the local level and sometimes initiate programms for bio-farming, nature tourism or patrimonial enhancement. Latencies however remain from the socialist era as well as a passive resistance from inhabitants, which prevent this original "complex action system" from being fully active. ; Cet article constitue un rapport sur les mesures de protection de la nature en Hongrie et leur rôle dans le développement des campagnes post-socialistes. Sont analysés successivement les différents statuts de protection de la nature, les structures publiques mises en place pour gérer les zones protégées et l'intégration de ces structures dans les dynamiques de développement local. Il s'agit notamment de démontrer que les « Directions des parcs nationaux », en raison d'une organisation spécifique à la Hongrie, peuvent jouer un rôle central dans la coordination des initiatives de développement local autour de la ressource environnementale en milieu rural, voire dans la redistribution des fonds d'intervention européens allant dans ce sens.Les Directions sont en effet (a) des partenaires publics au niveau national, représentant le Ministère de l'environnement et de l'eau ; (b) des intervenants dans les conseils d'aménagement du territoire, qui contrôlent l'insertion paysagère des projets en urbanisme pour une région entière ; (c) des propriétaires terriens actifs, proposant des fermages au niveau local et développant parfois des initiatives en faveur de l'agriculture biologique, du tourisme de nature et du patrimoine. Subsistent cependant quelques latences héritées du socialisme et des résistances au niveau local qui empêchent la pleine valorisation de ce « système d'action complexe » original.

National audience ; This paper draws up a report about Nature preservation measures in Hungary and their effect on the development of post-socialist rural areas. The various status existing in the matter of Nature preservation, the public structures which have been set up to manage protected areas as well as their integration into local development dynamics are successively analysed. Meanwhile, it is demonstrated here that Hungarian "National Park Directorates" present a very specific mode of organization; this could allow them to play a leading role in coordinating local development initiatives dealing with environmental resources in rural areas, if not in helping in the redistribution of European funds targeted on the same subject. Directorates are indeed (a) public partners at the national level, since they represent the Ministry for environment and water management; (b) contributors in the councils for regional planning, since they stand for landscape planning on a whole regional territory; (c) active landowners, since they provide farm rent contracts at the local level and sometimes initiate programms for bio-farming, nature tourism or patrimonial enhancement. Latencies however remain from the socialist era as well as a passive resistance from inhabitants, which prevent this original "complex action system" from being fully active. ; Cet article constitue un rapport sur les mesures de protection de la nature en Hongrie et leur rôle dans le développement des campagnes post-socialistes. Sont analysés successivement les différents statuts de protection de la nature, les structures publiques mises en place pour gérer les zones protégées et l'intégration de ces structures dans les dynamiques de développement local. Il s'agit notamment de démontrer que les « Directions des parcs nationaux », en raison d'une organisation spécifique à la Hongrie, peuvent jouer un rôle central dans la coordination des initiatives de développement local autour de la ressource environnementale en milieu rural, voire dans la redistribution des fonds d'intervention européens allant dans ce sens.Les Directions sont en effet (a) des partenaires publics au niveau national, représentant le Ministère de l'environnement et de l'eau ; (b) des intervenants dans les conseils d'aménagement du territoire, qui contrôlent l'insertion paysagère des projets en urbanisme pour une région entière ; (c) des propriétaires terriens actifs, proposant des fermages au niveau local et développant parfois des initiatives en faveur de l'agriculture biologique, du tourisme de nature et du patrimoine. Subsistent cependant quelques latences héritées du socialisme et des résistances au niveau local qui empêchent la pleine valorisation de ce « système d'action complexe » original.

National audience ; This paper draws up a report about Nature preservation measures in Hungary and their effect on the development of post-socialist rural areas. The various status existing in the matter of Nature preservation, the public structures which have been set up to manage protected areas as well as their integration into local development dynamics are successively analysed. Meanwhile, it is demonstrated here that Hungarian "National Park Directorates" present a very specific mode of organization; this could allow them to play a leading role in coordinating local development initiatives dealing with environmental resources in rural areas, if not in helping in the redistribution of European funds targeted on the same subject. Directorates are indeed (a) public partners at the national level, since they represent the Ministry for environment and water management; (b) contributors in the councils for regional planning, since they stand for landscape planning on a whole regional territory; (c) active landowners, since they provide farm rent contracts at the local level and sometimes initiate programms for bio-farming, nature tourism or patrimonial enhancement. Latencies however remain from the socialist era as well as a passive resistance from inhabitants, which prevent this original "complex action system" from being fully active. ; Cet article constitue un rapport sur les mesures de protection de la nature en Hongrie et leur rôle dans le développement des campagnes post-socialistes. Sont analysés successivement les différents statuts de protection de la nature, les structures publiques mises en place pour gérer les zones protégées et l'intégration de ces structures dans les dynamiques de développement local. Il s'agit notamment de démontrer que les « Directions des parcs nationaux », en raison d'une organisation spécifique à la Hongrie, peuvent jouer un rôle central dans la coordination des initiatives de développement local autour de la ressource environnementale en milieu rural, voire dans la redistribution des fonds d'intervention européens allant dans ce sens.Les Directions sont en effet (a) des partenaires publics au niveau national, représentant le Ministère de l'environnement et de l'eau ; (b) des intervenants dans les conseils d'aménagement du territoire, qui contrôlent l'insertion paysagère des projets en urbanisme pour une région entière ; (c) des propriétaires terriens actifs, proposant des fermages au niveau local et développant parfois des initiatives en faveur de l'agriculture biologique, du tourisme de nature et du patrimoine. Subsistent cependant quelques latences héritées du socialisme et des résistances au niveau local qui empêchent la pleine valorisation de ce « système d'action complexe » original.

National audience ; This paper draws up a report about Nature preservation measures in Hungary and their effect on the development of post-socialist rural areas. The various status existing in the matter of Nature preservation, the public structures which have been set up to manage protected areas as well as their integration into local development dynamics are successively analysed. Meanwhile, it is demonstrated here that Hungarian "National Park Directorates" present a very specific mode of organization; this could allow them to play a leading role in coordinating local development initiatives dealing with environmental resources in rural areas, if not in helping in the redistribution of European funds targeted on the same subject. Directorates are indeed (a) public partners at the national level, since they represent the Ministry for environment and water management; (b) contributors in the councils for regional planning, since they stand for landscape planning on a whole regional territory; (c) active landowners, since they provide farm rent contracts at the local level and sometimes initiate programms for bio-farming, nature tourism or patrimonial enhancement. Latencies however remain from the socialist era as well as a passive resistance from inhabitants, which prevent this original "complex action system" from being fully active. ; Cet article constitue un rapport sur les mesures de protection de la nature en Hongrie et leur rôle dans le développement des campagnes post-socialistes. Sont analysés successivement les différents statuts de protection de la nature, les structures publiques mises en place pour gérer les zones protégées et l'intégration de ces structures dans les dynamiques de développement local. Il s'agit notamment de démontrer que les « Directions des parcs nationaux », en raison d'une organisation spécifique à la Hongrie, peuvent jouer un rôle central dans la coordination des initiatives de développement local autour de la ressource environnementale en milieu rural, voire dans la redistribution des fonds d'intervention européens allant dans ce sens.Les Directions sont en effet (a) des partenaires publics au niveau national, représentant le Ministère de l'environnement et de l'eau ; (b) des intervenants dans les conseils d'aménagement du territoire, qui contrôlent l'insertion paysagère des projets en urbanisme pour une région entière ; (c) des propriétaires terriens actifs, proposant des fermages au niveau local et développant parfois des initiatives en faveur de l'agriculture biologique, du tourisme de nature et du patrimoine. Subsistent cependant quelques latences héritées du socialisme et des résistances au niveau local qui empêchent la pleine valorisation de ce « système d'action complexe » original.

Japan faced environmental pollution as a nationwide problem before any other country - back at the turn of the 1970s when the ecological situation assumed crisis proportions there. The article considers the environment protection pursued by Japan. Intensified exploitation of the natural potential virtually in the absence of control by the community and the state as the major factor behind the rapid deterioration of the ecological situation in this country between 1961-71. Basic law to combat environment pollution approved by Japan's parliament in 1970. Pollution control stepped up in Japan in the 1970s by environmental legislation, creation of environmental services and redistribution of some of the GNP in favour of the ecological sector. (DÜI-Sen)

In 1922, there were thirty-five state health resorts in the Soviet Union. This article introduces the historic role of health resorts as sites of nature conservation in the Soviet Union, comparable to national parks and nature reserves (zapovedniki), and highlights the role of physicians and medical ideas in the formulation and promotion of conservation policies in the Soviet Union. It analyzes conservation laws and regulations that covered health resorts, prohibiting a range of activities throughout their territories to protect natural healing resources such as mineral waters, muds, and beaches. In the 1930s, Soviet health resorts became influential centers of conservation when the science of ecology lost state support and ecological study centers in the nature reserves were dismantled. The idea that the natural environment should be protected to serve human health gained influence with official patrons in the Soviet state because physicians explicitly aligned the health resorts with the anthropocentric ideology of the state and its goal of industrialization, opening up health resort medicine to the industrial workforce. Health and nature's curative ideas also formed the foundation for nature protection during Stalinism. State patronage of health resort conservation increased in the Stalinist period, culminating in 1940, when the reach of conservation was extended to local health resorts. The article concludes with an examination of conservation work in the Sochi health resort.