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Education is a primary tool for any community to uplift itself from the vicious cycle of poverty, illiteracy and unemployment. Nomadic tribes and de-notified tribes (NT–DNT) groups have been victims of the draconian colonial Criminal Tribes Act (CTA) of 1871, which was repealed in 1952, replacing another version of the CTA with the Habitual Offenders Act (HOA). Several commissions and committees attempted to address the issue of NT–DNT over the decades. Most of their recommendations have yet to be implemented, including a proper census to track their socio-economic profile. With this background, National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 plays a vital role in deciding the future of the education of marginalised students in India. This article examines the possible outcome of NEP 2020 on the educational status of NT–DNT groups and if specific attention has been provided to address the question of NT–DNT education. This study plans to understand the issues NT–DNT communities face regarding their fundamental education rights. Despite policies and legislatures focused on compulsory education, NT–DNT students find it challenging to achieve even a basic level of educational attainment. A review of previous studies reflects that NT–DNT students face several barriers like discrimination, lack of care and protection, language barriers and so on. They experience the stigma of criminality, difficulty in representation, accessibility to education and availing of fundamental rights assured to them by the Indian Constitution. NEP 2020 has clubbed all the marginalised population groups into a single category. It will make it even more difficult for students of NT–DNT groups to represent themselves.

Articles originally published in "National Geographic" tell of the archeological searches for the ruins of Chaco Canyon, where the Navaho, Zuni, and Hopi Indian tribes lived, as well as the Pueblo Bonito expedition

It is well known that the Hashemite Dynasty in Iraq was the creation of the British in 1921. Less well known are the circumstances that led to the hasty installation of Faisal as king and the emergence of 'Independent Modern Iraq'.The 1920 revolt forced the hesitant British to enact a solution which for thirtyseven years was maintained by force. During this time, the British were obliged to force-feed an artificial and outmoded system that was barely capable of holding primordial sentiments in check. The state apparatus that the British set up as a means of containing these sentiments was not a genuine structure developed to meet expressed needs, nor did it serve to forge the various segments of the society into an organic nation.

In an investigation of the origins of nationalism in postmedieval tribes throughout Europe, it is argued that, given the subjective nature of national consciousness, it is not only difficult to determine when, but sometimes if, a nation has emerged; consideration of Macedonia as a nation attests to this. The work of Eugen Weber (Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870-1914, Stanford: Stanford U Press, 1976) is drawn on to determine approximately when Europeans acquired national consciousness. Several assertions regarding the formation of national consciousness are presented, ie, that national consciousness is: predicated on a myth of common ancestry; a mass, not an elite, phenomenon; & a process, not an occurrence. 35 References. W. Howard

Since the independence of India, an institutional framework for the tribal development administration has developed in India. Even though there were tribal plans, policies and programmes in place, but they were not supplemented by any institutional support. Failure of tribal development to a large extent was the result of lack of institutional framework for tribal development in India. Ministry of Tribal Affairs, National Commission for Scheduled Tribes, Tribal Co-operative Marketing Federation of India Limited and National Scheduled Tribes Finance and Development Corporation are the important institutions which developed over the years and cover some important aspects of tribal development in India. The National Scheduled Tribes Finance and Development Corporation (NSTFDC) is one significant tribal development organization that promotes income generating opportunities and provides marketing support assistance for economic upliftment. This current paper is to under its structure and various objectives and functions. It also analyzes various important schemes promoted by this organizations for tribal development. It also studies market assistance and lending norms of NSTFDC.

The Synchronization of National Policies shows how it is possible that there is remarkable uniformity in the policies that the nation-states adopt, although there is no world government. Mainstream research attributes such global governance to the influence of leading countries, to functional requirements created by capitalism and technological development, or to international organizations. This book argues that to understand how national policies are synchronized we need to realize that the global population forms a single global tribe of moderns, divided into some 200 clans called nations. While previous research on the world culture of moderns has focused on the diffusion of ideas, this book concentrates on the active role of local actors, who introduce global models and domesticate them to nation-states. In national policymaking, actors justify new policies by international comparisons, by the successes and failures of models adopted in other countries, and by building and appealing to the authority of international organizations. Consequently, national policies are synchronized with each other. Yet, because of the way such domestication of global trends takes place, citizens retain and reproduce the understanding that they follow a sovereign national trajectory. This book will be of interest to students and scholars of sociology, world culture theory, globalization, international relations, and political science.

ABSTRACTThis article investigates how the Makuleke community in Limpopo Province achieved iconic status in relation to land reform and community‐based conservation discourses in South Africa and beyond. It argues that the situation may be more complex than it first appears, and the ways in which the Makuleke story has been deployed by NGOs, activists, academics, conservationists, the state and business may be too simplistic. The authors discuss historical representations of the Makuleke 'tribe' against the backdrop of their experiences of living in the borderland Pafuri region of the Kruger National Park prior to their forced removal. After investigating the ways in which the chieftaincy, and its relation to communal land, has been strengthened by local mobilizations against threats from the neighbouring Mhinga Tribal Authority, the authors suggest that a central tension in the Makuleke area is the conflict between democratic principles governing the legal entity in control of the land (i.e., the Communal Property Association), and traditionalist patriarchal principles of the Tribal Authority. The article shows how these restitution‐linked processes became implicated in the establishment in 2002 of the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park. The authors also argue that the image of the Makuleke as a 'model tribe' is both a product of changing historical circumstances and a contributor to contemporary discourses on land restitution and conservation.