Suchergebnisse

After explaining the international framework for intellectual property protection – with particular reference to trademarks – the article focusses more closely on the European position. The measures for harmonisation of trademarks and other related marks are explained. These include a directive on the harmonisation of national trademark laws, which harmonises certain aspects of substantive law but leaves matters of procedure unharmonised, and a regulation establishing a Community Trademark which can be obtained through the Trademark Office in Alicante, Spain. The procedures for obtaining, opposing and cancelling a Community Trademark are detailed as well as the main features of the substantive law system under the Regulation and Directive. The remainder of the article then discusses certain important areas. The Regulation and Directive have provisions on the protection of well-known marks or marks having a reputation. The meaning of this is considered from a comparative standpoint. Finally the problems arising in relation to the clash between free movement of goods and the protection of intellectual property rights are analyzed with particular reference to the case law of the European Court.

AbstractThis article describes a new database—TM‐Link—that contains 12 million trademark applications and registrations across six jurisdictions. A feature of the database is the identification of trademark equivalents (or families) within and across national trademark offices. Equivalent trademarks are two, or more, insignias for the same product applied for by the same company. Unlike patents, the incentive to file for global priority is comparatively weak since legal priority for trademarks is territorial. To identify the number of true trademark equivalents we therefore create synthetic links using a neural network‐based machine learning algorithm.

Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- Part I: The Average Consumer: A Consumer Fiction in European Trademark Law -- Chapter 1: Background -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Who/What Is the Average Consumer? -- 1.3 Purpose of Trademarks and European Trademark Law -- 1.3.1 The Legal Functions of Trademarks -- 1.3.2 Economic Functions of Trademarks -- 1.3.3 Functions of European Trademark System -- 1.4 Contextualisation -- 1.5 Delimitation -- 1.5.1 Why Likelihood of Confusion? -- 1.5.2 Temporal Delimitation -- 1.5.3 Geographical Delimitation -- 1.5.4 National Procedural Rules and Evidence -- 1.5.5 Adjacent Areas of Law -- 1.6 Purpose and Outline of the Analysis -- 1.7 Structure -- Chapter 2: Methodology -- 2.1 Methodological Challenges -- 2.2 European Legal Method: A Scandinavian Kaleidoscope -- 2.2.1 Scandinavian Legal Realism -- 2.2.2 Critical Legal Positivism -- 2.2.3 Coherence and Consistency -- 2.2.4 Summarising Discussion -- 2.3 Aspects of Comparative Law -- 2.3.1 The Vertical Analysis -- 2.3.1.1 The Chosen Jurisdictions -- 2.3.1.2 Method -- 2.3.2 The Horizontal Analysis -- 2.4 Conclusion -- Chapter 3: Legal Sources -- 3.1 Multi-Level Legal Sources -- 3.2 EU Law -- 3.2.1 Primary EU Law -- 3.2.2 Secondary EU Legislation -- 3.2.2.1 Trademark Legislation -- 3.2.2.2 The UCPD -- 3.3 National Trademark Law and Its Institutions -- 3.3.1 England and Wales -- 3.3.2 Nordic Trademark Law: Similarities and Differences -- 3.3.2.1 Sweden -- 3.3.2.2 Denmark -- 3.3.2.3 Norway: The EEA Connection -- 3.4 National Trademark Courts -- 3.5 International Treaties -- 3.5.1 The Paris Convention and the TRIPS Agreement -- 3.5.2 The Nice Agreement -- 3.6 Soft Law: The Important Role of Registration Offices -- 3.7 Conclusion -- Chapter 4: The Dynamics of the European Trademark Law -- 4.1 The EU as a Lawmaker.

The changes recently introduced in both European regulations (article 4 of the Regulation (EU) 2017/1001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 June 2017 of the European Union trade mark, article 3 of the Directive (EU) 2015/2436 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2015 to approximate the laws of Member State relating to trade marks), as well as in Polish national regulations (article 120 of the ustawa – prawo własności przemysłowej of 30 June 2000 Dz. U. no 49 position 508 with changes) make registering a sound trademark not only possible on the base of its graphical representation (musical score or sonogram) but also its recording. On the one hand, it will make registration easier, but on the other, it will significantly change the nature of the subject of registration. Especially, it will concern signs which could be called musical trademarks. Their recording shall be seen as a kind of process in which each step is created by another person: the creator of the work, its performer and finally producer. What is the most important, each of them has his/her own right, i.e. copyright or related right. The article will present the characteristics of musical trademarks, rights to them vested in their "creators" on the basis of Polish law and the relationships between those rights, including some specifics of musical trademark both as a trademark and musical work. ; dominika@stopczanski.pl ; PhD candidate of musicology on the Adam Mickiewicz Univeristy in Poznań, Wydział Historyczny, Instytut Muzykologii; Master of laws and a member of Okręgowa Izba Adwokacka w Poznaniu; associate in Majda Strzyżewska Kancelaria Adwokacka sp. p. in Poznań. ; Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poland, Faculty of Historical Studies, Musicology Institute ; Barta, J., & Markiewicz, R. (2011). Przedmiot prawa autorskiego [Subject of Copyright]. In: J. Barta, R. Markiewicz (Eds.). Ustawa o Prawie autorskim i prawach Pokrewnych. Komentarz (pp. 3-124) wyd. V. Warszawa: Wolters Kluwers. ; Breuneis R., Musical Work Copyright for the Era of Digital Sound Technology: Looking Beyond Composition and Performance. Washington DS: The Georg Washington Law Faculty Publications & Other Works. ; Campbell, M. (2001) Timbre. In: Oxford Music Online. Grove Music Online (http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/). https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.27973. ; Ghazal, N. (2012). Problem relacji pomiędzy majątkowymi prawami autorskimi a prawami pokrewnymi [The Issue of Relationships Between the Author's Economic Rights and Related Rights]. Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. Prace z prawa własności intelektualnej, 116 (2), 5-16. ; Kępiński, J. (2015). Czy znak towarowy może być utworem [Can a trademark be copyright protected?]. Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny, 77, (2),177-191. https://doi.org/10.14746/rpeis.2015.77.2.12. ; Kurosz, K. (2015). Artystyczne wykonanie jako przedmiot ochrony – uwagi na tle najnowszego orzecznictwa sądowego [Artistic Performance as the Object of Protection. Remarks Against the Background of the Latest Case Law]. Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. Prace z prawa własności intelektualnej, 130 (4), 26-45. ; Mania, G. (2016). Plagiat Muzyczny [Plagiarism in Music]. Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego Prace z prawa własności intelektualnej, 133(3), 54-69. ; Nettl, B. (2014). Music. In: Oxford Music Online. Grove Music Online. https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40476. ; Sewerynik, A. (2013). Ochrona elementów składowych utworu muzycznego [The Copyright Protection of the Components of Musical Works]. Przegląd Ustawodawstwa Gospodarczego, 776, (2), 21-32. ; Tagg, Ph. (1982). Analysing popular music. Popular Music, 2, 37-67. ; 3 ; 1 ; 53 ; 66

Der Bericht spricht zwei problematische Bereiche der Wirtschaftsentwicklung der VR China an. Hierbei geht es zum einen um einen teilweise eklatanten Mangel an Produktqualität, der vielfach Ergebnis von Managementproblemen ist. Auf diesem Gebiet sind das Staatliche Büro für technologische Überwachung sowie das Nationale Büro für die Überwachung von importierten und exportierten Waren tätig. Verbraucherrechte sind in den Gesetzen über Produktqualität sowie über den Schutz von Verbraucherrechten kodifiziert. Der zweite Problemkreis betrifft das Verschwinden von chinesischen Markennamen und Markenzeichen. Dies ist zum einen Ausdruck einer wachsenden Konkurrenz internationaler Firmen auf den chinesischen Märkten, zum anderen Resultat einer Unterbewertung im materiellen Kapitals aufgrund der Unerfahrenheit chinesischer Manager. Ein weiteres Problem in diesem Zusammenhang stellt die Fälschung chinesischer Markenartikel dar. (BIOst-Wpt)

The concern with the impact of industrial property legislation and practices on the developing countries, at both the national and international levels, has so far been confined almost entirely to patents and patent-related transactions. This focus on the protection of knowledge concerning production processes reflects, on the one hand, a preoccupation with the terms and conditions which owners of technology may be able to obtain for its sale or lease, when their proprietary position is reinforced by legal instruments; and on the other hand, a recognition that unless the developing countries can themselves control the generation of a significant proportion of the technology they employ, it is unlikely either that appropriate technology will be produced, or that good use will be made of what is already available and relevant.