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This study describes the formation of Indonesian words based on generative morphology theory. Data sourced from oral and written data. The data collection method used is the documentation and observation methods, while the data analysis method uses the distributional and matching methods. The results of data analysis are presented using informal methods. The results of this study indicate that the affixes that form verbs consist of {meN-], {-an}, {ber-}, {ter-}, {meN-kan}, and {meN-i}. The meaning of these affixes is 'activities concerned with'; 'process'; 'each other'; 'to be in a state'; 'own'; 'can be in'; 'already in'; 'causative'; 'resultative'; 'intensive; and 'continuative'. The noun-forming affixes consist of {se-}, {-in}, {-at}, {pen-an}, {ke-an}, and {per-an} affixes. The meaning conveyed by these affixes is 'equal'; 'The same'; 'in a state of'; 'plural (feminine) actors'; 'plural (masculine) actors'; 'method'; and 'hal'. Adjective-forming affixes consist of affixes {-i}, {-iah}, {-ah}, and {wi-}. The meaning generated by these affixes is 'related to'; 'frequency'; 'tool'; and the 'perpetrator'. In terms of morphological typology, in general, Indonesian word formation is a mixed-type language because at the level of affixation and reduplication, Indonesian words are of the agglutination type and at the level of compounding, it behaves as an incorporation type language and tends to collect several lexical morphemes and combine them be a single word. The process of forming Indonesian words in terms of generative morphology consists of components: 1) a list of morphemes that contains free basic morphemes, bound basic morphemes, affixes, reduplications and compound words; 2) rules for forming words that process all the contents of the morpheme list, to produce acceptable and unacceptable forms; 3) filters in charge of attaching phonological idiosyncrasy,

This study aims to explore the assimilation and germination phenomenon of words having "/n/". The auto segment-al Theory of (Goldsmith,1976) is used as a theoretical framework. (Alkumet, 2020) have elaborated‘Auto segment-al theory that phonetics presentation is an aggregation of supra-segment-al parts of speech, which have some initial problem of how the multiple levels of sequences can be related or linked. This research shows that "/n/" in words having "/n/" and "/b/" combination at the word middle level tend to assimilate into "/m/", but the combination remains intact at word initial and final level and germination of "/n/" is speaker-dependent. Celata, Calamai, Ricci, and Bertini (2013) have manifested the role of style and placement of phoneme in a word is crucial for a sound to get assimilated. It has been elucidated that groups of people sharing the same cultural schema and level of education tend to speak differently.

The phonetic realization of nasal vowels produced by Pwo speakers of different ages can vary. The present study investigated mid and low nasal vowels of Pwo speakers from Mae Hong Son province, Thailand. Due to the higher tendency of language contact with Thai, the younger group's nasal vowels were expected to lose more nasality than the older group. The emergence of final nasal consonants was also expected in the younger group. The nasalization duration and consonant duration of both groups were analyzed. The results showed that, regardless of age, mid nasal vowels of some speakers had final nasal consonants, while low nasal vowels of all speakers did not. Furthermore, the older group had both longer nasalization duration and consonant duration than the younger group, suggesting their higher tendency to preserve nasality. The younger group had shorter nasalization duration and consonant duration, indicating the loss of nasality in vowels without compensatory final nasal consonants. The change might be due to the vowel quality. High vowels were fully denasalized with no compensatory final nasal consonants. Mid vowels were nasalized with the emergence of final nasal consonants. Low vowels remained nasalized without final nasal consonants. We could not confirm that the emergence of final nasal consonants was induced by Thai because it occurred in both groups. The existence of final nasal consonants in the younger group could not be used as evidence of an effect of contact.

Abstract
The study of literary traditions of medieval India is, to a large extent, dependent on the analysis of extant manuscripts as primary sources of information. Knowledge of their absolute and relative chronology, together with the development of their internal structure and format, can throw more light on their uses and roles in the process of the formation of the communities that produced them. Possible methodological approaches and tools for acquiring and evaluating the desired sets of data are here demonstrated on a small sample of text, a collection of sākhīs or couplets attributed to the sant Kabīr (ca. 1440–1518) and included in manuscript textual corpora compiled by members of the communtity of Dādūpanth in seventeenth century Rājasthān. A comparison of the internal structure of two kindred sākhī collections, namely a so far unedited Dādūpanthī manuscript and the existing edition of the Kabīr granthāvalī of Śyāmasundaradāsa
A note on the transliteration of Devanāgarī: the IAST system of transliteration has been used throughout, with two exceptions: vocalic ŗ is transliterated (in the absence of the letter r with subscript ring in the Unicode) with cedilla, to distinguish it from the retroflex ṛ, where the subscript dot properly belongs. Superscript dot used indiscriminately in the old Hindī manuscripts for both vowel nasalizations and homorganic nasals has been transliterated in all its occurrences by ṁ with superscript dot.
(1928), combined with data in the colophons of the former, and along with other circumstantial information, allows us to postulate their relationship to other preexisting models that bring us to the very beginnings of the scriptural traditions of Dādūpanth. The gradual accumulation and internal rearrangement of the material that is evident in the manuscript copy under study reveals the emergence of the idea of a pañc-vāṇī, or a compendium of texts by the five most revered sants, in the later history of Dādūpanth considered to be canonical.

Introduction. The proposed article critically examines the explanation of the origin of nasal vowels in Slavic languages by incorporating an open syllable law. It is shown that the convergence of many closed syllables, ending with nasal consonants, into two kinds of open syllables with nasal vowels contradicts a number of facts of evolution in the opposite direction, e. g., evolution of nasal vowels towards combinations "a vowel – a nasal consonant" in Balkan Slavic languages (Bulg. пент "five", вънзел "knot"), as well as to the observed interpretation of Slavic nasal vowels in acts of borrowing by languages without nasal vowels, e. g. OCS дѫбрава "oak forest" > Rom. dumbrávă. Methodology and sources. The proposed model results from generalization of the data of instrumental phonetical research, which show that the articulation of palatal consonants is unstable leading to there divergent evolution, i. e. transformation to sounds with more definite zones of articulation, e. g. palatal lateral approximant *[ʎ] split into palatalized lateral liquid [l'] and fricative [j]. In the proposed model Proto-Indo-European (PIE) syllable velar nasal consonant *ŋ̍ in the process of its phonetic evolution in Indo-European (IE) languages split into a variety of nasal vowels with different articulations, which further on irregularly transformed into vowels without nasalization or into combinations of vowels with nasal consonants (e. g. OInd. paŋktíṣ, OIsl. fimt, Lith. penkì, OCS пѩть, OHG finf, fimf, funf "пять", etc., from the common PIE prototype with syllable nasal *ŋ̍). Results and discussion. Examples of PIE prototypes of lexemes meaning "water bird", "tooth, sharp edge", "five", as well as lexemes, related to Russ. нутро, ядро, неясыть, уж, угорь, нагой, нога, ноготь are presented. All prototypes contain a nasal syllabic, which is split producing four types of reflexes in IE languages. Newly discovered etymological links, such as the connection between Russ. Lexemes meaning "leg" and "corner", are discussed.Conclusion. The proposed model permits to uniformly explain the facts of synchronous existence of related Rus. недро "insides" and ядро "nucleos", related нутро и утроба "belly", related OCS ѫты, Lith. ántis and AGr. Att. νῆττα "duck", related Rus. неясыть "a kind of owl; pelican" and ненасытный "insatiable", etc., using the notion of divergent evolution of the PIE syllable velar nasal *ŋ̍.

Vergleichende Daten aus verschiedenen Sprachfamilien zeigen, dass Nasalität zwischen dem silbeninitialen Konsonantenbündel und dem nachfolgenden Vokal transferiert werden kann. Ausgehend von den bisher beschriebenen Fällen wird anhand sino-tibetischer Daten eine neue Analyse vorgeschlagen. Der Transfer scheint in beide Richtungen zu gehen: vom konsonantischen Anlaut zum nachfolgenden Vokal für Tai-Kadai, Austroasiatisch, Sino-Tibetisch, Niger-Kongo (Kwa) und Indogermanisch (Keltisch), dagegen vom Vokal zum vorangehenden konsonantischen Anlaut im Sioux. Eine genauere Untersuchung der Bedingungen dieser Nasalitätsveränderungen fördert jedoch eine Asymmetrie zutage. In den meisten Fällen verläuft die Richtung des Nasalitätstransfers vom konsonantischen Anlaut zum folgenden Vokal. Alle Fälle eines regulären Transfers in die entgegengesetzte Richtung kommen aus Sprachen, in denen die Nasallaute einer der folgenden Beschränkungen unterliegen: (i) Die Nasalkonsonanten sind nicht phonemisch (d.h. sie sind kontextuell vorhersagbar) oder (ii) die phonologische Opposition zwischen nasalen und oralen Vokalen ist nach Nasalkonsonanten aufgehoben, zugunsten von nasalen Vokalen. ; International audience Comparative data from several language families show that nasality can be transferred between a syllable-initial consonant cluster and the following vowel. The cases reported to date are summarized, and a new analysis is proposed for a set of Sino-Tibetan data. The evolution appears to go in both directions: from the consonantal onset to the following vowel in Tai-Kadai, Austroasiatic, Sino-Tibetan, Niger-Congo (Kwa) and Indo-European (Celtic), and from the vowel to the preceding consonant in Siouan. However, an examination of the conditions on these changes brings out an asymmetry. In most cases, transfers of nasality take place from a consonantal onset to a following vowel; the instances we found of a regular change in the opposite direction all come from languages where there is one of the following restrictions on nasal ...