Suchergebnisse

Wheat bran oil (WBO) has been reported to have an important content of bioactive compounds, such as tocopherols, alkylresorcinols, steryl ferulates and other phenolic compounds; however, its poor solubility in water systems restricts its applications in the food industry. This study is focussed on the formulation of oil-in-water (O/W) nanoemulsions of WBO in order to improve the bioaccessibility of its active compounds. The influences of oil concentration, surfactant type and concentration, and emulsification method, on the droplet size and stability of the nanoemulsions were investigated. Response surface methodology was used to optimise the conditions for preparing stable nanoemulsions with the minimum droplet size. The optimal nanoemulsion was obtained when 1% of WBO and 7.3% of a surfactant mixture of Span 80 (37.4%) and Tween 80 (62.6%) were emulsified in water by high intensity ultrasonication for 50 s after pre-emulsification with a high speed blender during 5 min. The optimal nanoemulsion showed good stability over time and antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activities, which make it suitable for use in food applications. ; This work is part of the GALANG project (Ref.: ITC-20113029) financed by the Spanish Government through CDTI.

The incorporation of bioactive compounds in stealth nanoparticles or nanoemulsions enhances their half-life in systemic circulation and can overcome the problems associated with the free drug. Bovine serum albumin (BSA)-drug conjugates were produced with either methotrexate (MTX), a potent anticancer agent, or vancomycin (VCM), a potent antibiotic. Those conjugates were used to produce functionalized BSA nanoemulsions in a formulation composed by aqueous phase and organic phase. BSA-Folic acid (FA) conjugates were also produced allowing specific folate receptor (FR) mediated targeting of cancer cells (KB cell line). All conjugates had similar effects either in solution or in the form of nanoemulsions: BSA-MTX as anti-proliferative over Caco-2 cell line and BSA-VCM as lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) comparatively to VCM solution on Staphylococcus aureus strain Newman. The production of nanoemulsions using BSA-drug conjugates for obtaining vectors loaded with stabilized drugs offers a good, flexible template for a wide range of medical applications. ; Ana Loureiro (SFRH/BD/81479/2011) holds a scholarship from Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT). Goncalo J. L. Bernardes is a Royal Society University Research Fellow at the Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge and an Investigador FCT at the Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa. This work has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement NMP4-LA-2009-228827 NANOFOL. This work was supported by FEDER through POFC - COMPETE and by Portuguese funds from FCT through the project ...

Cooling is one of the most important technique challenges faced by a range of diverse industries and military needs. There is an urgent need for innovative heat transfer fluids with improved thermal properties over currently available ones. This chapter discusses the development and characterization of nanoemulsion heat transfer fluids with phase changeable nanodroplets to increase the thermophysical properties and the heat transfer rate of the fluid. Nanoemulsion heat transfer fluids can be formed by dispersing one fluid into another immiscible fluid as nanosized structures such as droplets and tubes, in which those nanostructures are swollen reverse micelles with the dispersed phase and stabilized by the surfactant molecules. In addition to the enhancement of thermophysical properties such as thermal conductivity by mixing another liquid of higher thermal conductivity, an even larger amount of heat can be absorbed or released when these nanodroplets undergo phase transition from liquid to gas or vice versa, and thus enhancing the heat transfer rate. Three types of nanoemulsion heat transfer fluids are introduced: alcohol-in-polyalphaolefin, water-in-FC-72, and water-in-polyalphaolefin. Structural and property characterizations of these nanoemulsion heat-transfer fluids are the two main aspects of this chapter. This chapter also identifies several critical issues in the nanoemulsion heat transfer fluids to be solved in the future.

This work presents the results of a study on the effect of ionic surfactant cetriltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAB) on the size and ζ-potential of lipid nanoemulsions composed of oleic acid, prepared by temperature phase inversion method and stabilized by nonionic surfactants — Tween 60, Span 60

Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) nanoemulsions were produced by high pressure homogenization with a tri-block copolymer (Poloxamer 407), which presents a central hydrophobic chain of polyoxypropylene (PPO) and two identical lateral hydrophilic chains of polyethylene glycol (PEG). We observed a linear correlation between tri-block copolymer concentration and size - the use of 5 mg/mL of Poloxamer 407 yields nanoemulsions smaller than 100 nm. Molecular dynamics and fluorescent tagging of the tri-block copolymer highlight their mechanistic role on the size of emulsions. This novel method enables the fabrication of highly stable albumin emulsions in the nano-size range, highly desirable for controlled drug delivery. Folic Acid (FA)-tagged protein nanoemulsions were shown to promote specific Folate Receptor (FR)-mediated targeting in FR positive cells. The novel strategy presented here enables the construction of size controlled, functionalized protein-based nanoemulsions with excellent characteristics for active targeting in cancer therapy. ; European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement NMP4-LA-2009-228827 NANOFOL. This work was supported by FEDER through POFC – COMPETE and by Portuguese funds from FCT through the project PEst-OE/BIA/UI4050/2014. The authors also thank the FCT Strategic Project of UID/BIO/04469/2013 ...

Jiangbo Hu,1,* Dilong Chen,2,* Rong Jiang,2 Qunyou Tan,3 Biyue Zhu,4 Jingqing Zhang11Medicine Engineering Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China; 2Department of Histology and Embryology, Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, 3Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 4West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China *These authors contributed equally to this workPurpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the improved absorption and in vivo kinetic characteristics of a novel water-in-oil nanoemulsion containing evodiamine–phospholipid nanocomplex (NEEPN) when administered orally.Methods: NEEPN was fabricated by loading an evodiamine–phospholipid nanocomplex into a water-in-oil nanoemulsive system. The gastrointestinal absorption of NEEPN was investigated using an in situ perfusion method. The modified in vivo kinetic characteristics of evodiamine (EDA) in NEEPN were also evaluated.Results: Compared with EDA or conventional nanoemulsions containing EDA instead of evodiamine–phospholipid complex, NEEPN with its favorable in vivo kinetic characteristics clearly enhanced the gastrointestinal absorption and oral bioavailability of EDA; for example, the relative bioavailability of NEEPN to free EDA was calculated to be 630.35%, and the effective permeability of NEEPN in the colon was 8.64-fold that of EDA.Conclusion: NEEPN markedly improved the oral bioavailability of EDA, which was probably due to its increased gastrointestinal absorption. NEEPN also increased efficacy and reduced adverse effects for oral delivery of EDA. Such finding demonstrates great clinical significance as an ideal drug delivery system demands high efficacy and no adverse effects.Keywords: nanoemulsive system, evodiamine–phospholipid, nanocomplexes, gastrointestinal absorption, oral bioavailability, water-in-oil

This review conducted to compare the difference of the formulation of nanoemulsion cosmetics by plant extracts between Centella asiatica, seed oil from Rubus idaeus, Phyllanthus urinaria, Garcinia mangostana L., Vellozia sauamata, and Cordyceps militaris extract. Materials and methods was taken from several literature in valid databases that focuses on current status of the formulation of nanoemulsion and its characteristics, nanoemulsion cosmetics, and formulation of nanoemulsion cosmetics that are made by plant extract as the active ingredient. Comparison of the formulas above can be seen from various aspects. Referring to each article, 4 out of 6 formulas use high energy techniques and the rest use low energy techniques. Formula 1, 3, 6 use high energy technique with high pressure homogenization, and formula 4 uses ultrasonication, which is still a high energy technique. Formulas 2 and 5 use low energy techniques, namely formula 2 using Phase Inversion Composition (PIC) and formula 5 using Phase Inversion Temperature (PIT). High-Pressure Homogenizer (HPH) is the most widely used for the manufacture of nanoemulsions. In terms of formula, the use of components such as surfactant, cosurfactant, oil phase, and water phase is also different from the 6 formulas presented. Even though all of the six formulas are different, the active ingredients in the form of nanoemulsions need to be tested until finally the goal of the cosmetic product is achieved.

This study aimed to develop nanoemulsions for enhancing chemical stability and dermal delivery of Cordyceps militaris extracts. C. militaris was extracted by maceration and infusion. The extracts were investigated for cordycepin, phenolic, and flavonoid content. The antioxidant activity was investigated by in vitro spectrophotometric methods. The irritation profile was investigated by hen's egg-chorioallantoic membrane test. Nanoemulsions were developed using high-pressure homogenizer. C. militaris extract was incorporated into the nanoemulsion and investigated for safety, release profile, permeation, and skin retention. The results demonstrated that water extract (CW) contained the significantly highest content of cordycepin, phenolics, and flavonoids, which were responsible for antioxidant activity. CW was the most potent antioxidant. CW possessed comparable 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation inhibition to l-ascorbic acid (96.9 ± 3.1%) and alpha-tocopherol (87.2 ± 1.0%). Consequently, ten mg/mL of CW was incorporated into nanoemulsions composing of sugar squalene, Tween(®) 85, and deionized water. Nanoemulsion, which had the smallest internal droplet size (157.1 ± 2.6 nm), enhanced the stability of CW, had no cytotoxicity effect and no skin irritation, released the most CW (0.9 ± 0.0% w/w after 24 h), and delivered the highest CW into the skin layer (33.5 ± 0.7% w/w). Therefore, nanoemulsion was suggested for enhancing the stability and dermal delivery of CW.

Qing Yang,1,2,* Shanshan Liu,3,* Yongwei Gu,1,2 Xiaomeng Tang,3 Ting Wang,1,2 Jianhua Wu,4 Jiyong Liu1–31Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China; 2Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China; 3Department of Pharmacy, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China; 4Department of Dermatology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workBackground: Sulconazole (SCZ) is a broad-spectrum transdermally administered anti-fungicidal agent. However, the therapeutic effect of SCZ is generally limited by its poor water solubility. This present study aimed to develop and evaluate sulconazole-loaded nanoemulsions (SCZ-NEs) for enhancement of the transdermal permeation and antifungal activity.Methods: A spontaneous titration method was applied to prepare the SCZ-NEs. And the optimized formulation of SCZ-NEs was screened by central composite design (CCD). In addition, the characteristics of the SCZ-NEs were evaluated, including particle size, zeta potential, drug loading (DL%) and encapsulation efficiency (EE%). The morphology of SCZ-NEs was observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Franz diffusion cells were used to evaluate the transdermal permeability of the SCZ-NEs. The antifungal activity of the SCZ-NEs was measured by a zone of inhibition (ZOI) test.Results: The optimized SCZ-NEs possessed a moderate particle size of 52.3±3.8 nm, zeta potential of 23.3±1.2 mV, DL% of 0.47±0.05% and EE% of 87.1±3.2%. The ex vivo skin permeation study verified that the cumulative permeability (Qn) and penetration rate (Js) of the optimized SCZ-NEs were about 1.7-fold higher than that of a commercial reference, miconazole (MCZ) cream and 3-fold higher than that of SCZ-DMSO solution. The optimized SCZ-NEs exhibited zone of inhibition (ZOI) values of 23.5±2.4 and 20.4±2.5 mm against C. albicans and T. rubrum, which were larger compared with these of the MCZ cream and SCZ-DMSO solution.Conclusion: SCZ-NEs were effectively developed to overcome the poor solubility of SCZ, promote SCZ permeation through the skin and improve its antifungal activity. Thus, the SCZ-NEs are a promising percutaneous administration for skin fungal infections induced by C. albicans and T. rubrum.Keywords: sulconazole, nanoemulsion, central composite design, transdermal delivery, antifungal activity