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AbstractAlthough formal linguists have focused on the deictic and (co)referential functions of pronouns, social categorization and identity are deeply involved in pronominal usage. I argue here that even the understanding of pronounreferencerequires us to go beyond extensional (co)-reference. The extensive literature on linguistic categorization has focused on nouns more than on verbs, as has work on metonymy – but not on pronouns. Here I present two case studies, one of third-person pronouns and one of first-plural pronouns. In one I argue that cognitive science findings on categorization make it impossible for a masculine noun/pronoun usage to be truly "generic" in gender reference. The other examines the ways in which identity and group structure shape the possibilities for plural pronoun reference, in particular with respect to first-person plural (we) uses. To understand the principles of reference for these pronouns, we need to apply theoretical frameworks developed for lexical meaning: frames, category structure, prototypes, categorial metonymy and frame metonymy.

In recent years, conceptual metonymy has been recognized as a cognitive phenomenon that is as fundamental as metaphor for reasoning and the construction of meaning. The thoroughly revised chapters in the present volume originated as presentations in a workshop organized by the editors for the 7th International Pragmatics Conference held in Budapest in 2000. They constitute, according to an anonymous reviewer, "an interesting contribution to both cognitive linguistics and pragmatics." The contributions aim to bridge the gap, and encourage discussion, between cognitive linguists and scholars wor

AbstractThis article argues that metonymy provides "cognitive roundabouts" that semiotically create more meaning in fictional narrative against the popular views that metonymy provides "referential shorthand" and "communicative shortcuts." In the light of Lakoff and Johnson's observation on the relationship between symbolic metonymy and the comprehension of religious and cultural concepts, it explores the semiotic potentialities of metonymy in constructing fictional reality with special reference to O. Henry's short story "The Cop and the Anthem." It concludes that artistic deployment of metonymic devices comically exploits and explicitizes various conceptual associations and logical relations between the source and the target and requires greater cognitive effort from the reader; in defamiliarizing the fictional representation, the narrative text produces more symbolic meanings and ultimately refamiliarizes the reader with aspects of actual-world reality that are otherwise hardly perceivable.

The following article attempts to analyse the phenomenon of conceptual metonymy occurring in George Orwell's novel "Nineteen Eighty-Four". The analysis involves only a few examples of metonymy related to the conceptual domain of POLITICS. The article postulates that politics, in general, evokes negative associations. Thus, one of the objectives is to verify whether in majority of examples, political activity connotes adverse and unfavourable feelings. Moreover some concepts being part of metonymy have been evaluated according to the way in which they are perceived by English speakers. The article comprises two parts. The theoretical part contains a brief outline of Cognitive Linguistics and metonymy, as well as a short description of political reality in "Nineteen Eighty-Four", which is essential to understand the context of analysed linguistic expressions. The second part involves the analysis proper of the material gathered. Four metonymies describing relations between people and the world in which they live have been formulated and examined.

This essay takes as its starting point the resemblance between the historical practice of diplomatic representation and the rhetorical practice of metonymy. The early modern ambassador acted as a substitute abroad for the sovereign who sent him and metonymy describes a comparable replacement – in words – of one thing by another associated thing. Yet metonyms can all too easily become confused with their referents or even come to replace them, as the sign is taken too literally for its signified, creating a kind of rivalry between representative and represented, as competing sources of authority, in a shift from relations of likeness to opposition. As 3 Henry VI points out – and as this essay argues – the metonymic characteristics of early modern ambassadorial representation made it vulnerable to this drift towards antithesis. Antithesis, the figure of opposition, governs the contentious disorder of 3 Henry VI, from the rhetorical patterning of its speeches to its structure and subject matter and politics. The Earl of Warwick's embassy in Act 3 is no exception: it is the pivotal point around which the play's oppositions turn. As Warwick moves from representing to replacing Edward IV, the figures that express his migration from substitution to subversion reflect on a comparable instability in European diplomatic culture. Diplomats could easily misrepresent. ; I would like to thank Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, St John's College, Cambridge and the Arts Humanities Research Council for enabling me to undertake this research ; This is the advanced access article published online distributed under a CC BY license, which can also be found on the publisher's website at: http://res.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2014/06/19/res.hgu043.full.pdf+html

In the present article, we offer a diachronic classification of the understanding of the role of metaphor in Medicine. We identify three periods, the first one of them being based on denial, Restrictive View, the second one – on affirmation, Descriptive View, and the last one – on manipulation, Proscriptive View. We also explain the surge of interest in metonymy from a cognitive linguistics perspective, and contrast the present perception of metonymy as intertwined with metaphor to the now classical idea of metonymy as a phenomenon that is separate and divergent from metaphor. We endorse the latest understanding of the interplay between metaphor and metonymy in Medical English as a difficult one to be dismantled: it is hard to clearly delimitate the realm of each one of the pair.Thus while it is clear that metaphor and metonymy act in scientific discourse, it is not equally clear what internal limits must be set to their interaction. We suggest that, by the time an objective and clear way of differentiating between the two is agreed upon, the greatest efforts should be directed at elucidating hidden metaphor and metonymy in Medical English.

The appeasement of Hitler and the Munich Agreement is a rhetorical comparison used commonly in international relations to defend politico-military action. On the basis of conceptual history and rhetorics, we examine cases of political speech in this paradigm. Firstly, we discuss time and conceptualize experience into first and second order experiences. Secondly, the roles of metaphor, metonymy and analogy in relation to thought and action are examined. We then contextualise Munich 1938, and present three cases demonstrating the political usage of this metonymy since WWII. These range from the Suez Crises to the Gulf War and on-going War on Terror. These cases show that "Munich" can be used in multiple contexts. Our hypothesis is that "Munich" has proved very instrumental politically; it has been a key element in the final push to use force on numerous occasions, and we conclude that it is a very dangerous form of anti-diplomacy.