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The development of medical theories and concepts is not isolated from the societal &ldquo ; Zeitgeist&rdquo ; of any medical culture. Depending on the purpose and the audience addressed, different metaphors are used to explain different medical content. Doubtlessly, Tibetan medicine is associated with Tibetan Buddhism and various medical topics are linked to Buddhist knowledge. In addition to the religious link, medical texts and terms also make use of nomadic or even military metaphor. In anatomical language, metaphor and metonym are usually based on visual or morphological similarities. In the case of physiological, pathological, or therapeutic processes, metaphor often deals with dynamic and strategic elements drawn from comparisons with everyday life and other spheres of activity. These models commonly relate to specific historical and cultural backgrounds. Let us think of the European &ldquo ; body republic&rdquo ; in Renaissance medical theory or the theory of the &ldquo ; cell state&rdquo ; devised by Rudolf Virchow (1821&ndash ; 1902), which explains the concept of cellular pathology. Asian examples that use state functions as metaphors for the hierarchy of internal organs in Chinese and Tibetan medicine are well-known. In addition to these prominent state models, Tibetan medical language and its visual representation is rich in metaphor. In this preliminary paper not all occurring metaphors can be discussed in depth, however different types of Tibetan medical metaphor will be compared and contextualized with non-Tibetan metaphors from other contemporary and historical medical cultures.

This paper extends Sapir's idea that language embodies intertwined and isolable patterns of two distinct orders—patterns of reference (in my terms, communication) and patterns of expression (associational‐metaphorical activity). Viewing language as a continuum of usages ranging from schizophrenic usage, at one extreme, to objective, representational usage at the other, associational‐metaphorical activity is seen as variously operative throughout. There are illustrations of how this dimension is woven into normal communication. Finally, there is speculation on the source of associational‐metaphorical activity and the light it throws on human mentality as projected in language.

Marketization has changed the education system. If we say that education is a market, this transforms the understanding of education and influences how people act. In this paper, adult-education school-leaders' talk is analysed and seven metaphors for education are found: education as administration, market, matching, democracy, policy work, integration and learning. Exploring empirical metaphors provides a rich illustration of coinciding meanings. In line with studies on policy texts, economic metaphors are found to dominate. This should be understood not only as representing liberal ideology, as is often discussed in analyses of policy papers, but also as representing economic theory. In other words, contemporary adult education can be understood as driven by economic theories. The difference and relation between ideology and theory should be further examined since they have an impact on our society and on our everyday lives.

Marketization has changed the education system. If we say that education is a market, this transforms the understanding of education and influences how people act. In this paper, adult-education school-leaders' talk is analysed and seven metaphors for education are found: education as administration, market, matching, democracy, policy work, integration and learning. Exploring empirical metaphors provides a rich illustration of coinciding meanings. In line with studies on policy texts, economic metaphors are found to dominate. This should be understood not only as representing liberal ideology, as is often discussed in analyses of policy papers, but also as representing economic theory. In other words, contemporary adult education can be understood as driven by economic theories. The difference and relation between ideology and theory should be further examined since they have an impact on our society and on our everyday lives. (DIPF/Orig.)

This article describes a number of community-based arts in health projects in schools and disadvantaged communities in Northern England that connect with the interdisciplinary research interests of the Centre for Medical Humanities at Durham University (www.dur.ac.uk/cmh). It examines issues about what makes for sustainability in both practice and research of arts in health when operating from a university base and stresses the importance of relationship-based work in health promotion interventions in communities. It attempts to set arts development work in the policy context of how community health has been addressed over the last decade. It provides both practical and metaphorical illustrations of how community cohesion and emotional literacy can be developed and recognised in schools and communities when supported by ethnographic research that is underpinned by theories of social capital, resilience and participatory arts practice. The significance that the artwork can attain as a social gift, with a special meaning for its creators, is examined from an anthropological perspective. Looking historically and comparatively at some longitudinal projects in community-based arts in health, the article assesses what makes for both success and failure in practice, and looks particularly at the significance of the arts in helping to deliver strategies for improving child health and education. In a strategic development context, explanation is given of several strands of university-community collaboration in arts in health, with interlinked project examples drawn from Tyneside and West Yorkshire. Finally, the article looks at the prospects for sustaining arts in health within the coming transfer of the public health function to local government.

Keywords
Sustainability, arts in community health, resilience, child mental health, social capital

This article describes a number of community-based arts in health projects in schools and disadvantaged communities in Northern England that connect with the interdisciplinary research interests of the Centre for Medical Humanities at Durham University (www.dur.ac.uk/cmh). It examines issues about what makes for sustainability in both practice and research of arts in health when operating from a university base and stresses the importance of relationship-based work in health promotion interventions in communities. It attempts to set arts development work in the policy context of how community health has been addressed over the last decade. It provides both practical and metaphorical illustrations of how community cohesion and emotional literacy can be developed and recognised in schools and communities when supported by ethnographic research that is underpinned by theories of social capital, resilience and participatory arts practice. The significance that the artwork can attain as a social gift, with a special meaning for its creators, is examined from an anthropological perspective. Looking historically and comparatively at some longitudinal projects in community-based arts in health, the article assesses what makes for both success and failure in practice, and looks particularly at the significance of the arts in helping to deliver strategies for improving child health and education. In a strategic development context, explanation is given of several strands of university-community collaboration in arts in health, with interlinked project examples drawn from Tyneside and West Yorkshire. Finally, the article looks at the prospects for sustaining arts in health within the coming transfer of the public health function to local government. Keywords Sustainability, arts in community health, resilience, child mental health, social capital

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to investigate, through metaphor analysis, the complex nature of the work undertaken by waiters and pursers on-board cruise ships. This is an under-researched field and empirical research has produced some interesting perceptions that these groups of workers have of themselves, of others, and of the world in which they work and live.Design/methodology/approach– A total of 20 semi-structured interviews were conducted over the telephone from a sample of international participants. The data were analysed using a metaphor analysis.Findings– There were three clusters of metaphorical illustration found: metaphors of the ship, metaphors of the environment, and metaphors of their occupation. The metaphors of the environment were split into two sub-clusters. One explored how participants understood the ship's space or work setting, and the second identified the strategies used as participants negotiated their way through their working and social lives. The stories collected from the workers have produced a very different but realistic perspective of the working lives of waiters and pursers.Research limitations/implications– Metaphors can only offer a partial view of a social phenomenon, rather than an all-encompassing view, which are furthermore specific to the research setting. Notably, for half of all participants English was not their first language, and consequently this may have had an impact upon their use of metaphors.Practical implications– This research highlights the socio-employment relationship and complexities of working on cruise ships. In particular, it recognises behavioural learning practices and organisational bureaucratic utilities, which the industry relies upon for managing employees.Originality/value– This study contributes new knowledge in an under-researched context exploring the sociological lives of hospitality cruise ship workers. The use of metaphor analysis has provided an interesting and useful route to extend understanding of cruise ship work.

From an international perspective, media representations of population ageing have been described as apocalyptic in character. In this article, we analyse the way population ageing is represented in three Swedish newspapers: Aftonbladet, Dagens Nyheter and Västerbottens-Kuriren. The aim is to investigate Swedish news-press representations of population ageing and the old age identities that they offer. We conduct qualitative analyses of the articulations between the verbal content and the use of illustrations, metaphorical language, headlines and captions using the concepts offered by discourse theory. The analysis of the material shows that the studied newspapers firmly position population ageing within a wider discourse of political economy and as a threat to the concept of welfare. Growth is promoted as a self-evident means for adjusting to the expected threat. Illustrations and metaphorical language helped to constitute population ageing as a serious, dichotomised (e.g. young vs. Old) and emotive (e.g. addressing anxiety and ear) problem. The analyses also show how the representations of population ageing bear some populist features, and we argue that such features support a de-politicisation of the phenomenon population ageing.

ABSTRAK Penulisan Artikel ini bertujuan menganalisis fungsi imej haiwan dalam menghubungkaitkan isu-isu semasa melalui kartun lerang Langkawit. Skop kajian dihadkan kepada empat karya terpilih imej haiwan dalam kartun lerang mengikut tema. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan Erwin Panofsky (1955) dalam memahami lapisan makna karya kartun lerang oleh Langkawit, sekali gus mencapai objektif kajian. Maklumat berkaitan hasil daripada koleksi kartun Langkawit didapati melalui pengumpulan data primer dan sekunder menerusi Kadazandusun Language Foudation (KLF), bahan bercetak seperti rujukan perpustakaan dan Arkib Negeri Sabah. Hasil kajian ini mendapati bahawa imej haiwan dalam kartun lerang Langkawit mempunyai simbolik yang berfungsi untuk memberi gambaran atau kritikan tentang nilai-nilai sosiobudaya, pendidikan, alam dan politik. Saluran imej haiwan karya Langkawit ini juga menjadi alat kiasan dan komunikasi yang berfungsi menilai sesuatu isu, di samping menjadi senjata teguran khususnya di Sabah. ABSTRACT This paper aims to analyze the function of animal images in linking current issues through Langkawit's strip cartoons. The scope of the study is limited to four selected works of animal images in the cartoon by theme. This study adopts the approach of Erwin Panofsky (1955) in understanding the layers of the illustration of the cartoon by Langkawit as well as achieving the objective of the study. The information related to the Langkawit cartoon collection was obtained through primary and secondary data collection through Kadazandusun Language Foundation (KLF), printed materials such as library references and Sabah State Archives. The research findings demontrate that animal images in Langkawit's strip cartoons convey some elements of symbolism, functioning to illustrate or criticize sociocultural values, education, nature, and politics. Langkawit's animal images also serve as a communication and metaphorical tools that function to assess certain issues as well as a reprimand weapon, especially in Sabah.

The 19th century witnessed an important shift in the relationship between book illustrations and literature: the literal approach of Romantics, which subordinated images to the literary text was replaced by the interpretative and metaphorical paradigm of the Symbolists. By the end of the century, painters refused the traditional servile attitude towards text, demanding a real autonomy of their creations. Instead of "illustration", artists such as Odilon Redon preferred words like "transmission" and "interpretation", whilst art critic André Mellerio coined the terms "concordance" and "correlative parallelism" to describe the relationship between the two arts. This paper aims to identify the traces of this debate in two rather different projects: Urien's Voyage, by André Gide, decorated by Maurice Denis, and The Virgins, a text written by Georges Rodenbach and meant to accompany 4 lithographs created by József Rippl-Rónai.

This essay analyzes a shift in racialized regimes of visual signification in French metropolitan culture during the long eighteenth century. The author explores two symbolically central figures—the dismembered black slave and the black rapist/lover who is "duly punished"—by undertaking an intertextual reading of two sets of illustrations of Voltaire's Candide (1759) designed by Moreau le Jeune. Separated by the French and Haitian Revolutions, Moreau's two sets of Candide illustrations (1787 and 1803) register an important shift in the French cultural imaginary. The figure of the maimed black male slave was put directly in circulation in French visual culture during the eighteenth century. In contrast, interracial sexuality remained "unrepresentable" in French visual culture throughout the century. By the time Haiti declared its independence (1804), this taboo was contravened by Moreau's metaphorical substitution of the figure of the monkey in 1803 to picture the black male as a bestial rapist.

The linguistic and axiological potential of unofficial urbanonyms reflecting the realities of the urban environment as a design space is evaluated. The research tasks include identifying typical and non-standard objects and motifs of evaluative urbanonymic nomination, developing optimal methods for describing interregional nominative parallels and unique slang terms in the dictionary of unofficial urbanonyms. The material sources consist of dictionaries of youth slang, author's archives of spoken language, and internet communications (2010—2024). The semantics of slang terms-urbanonyms were clarified using componential and contextual analysis methods. Parameters of their lexical description were developed using the method of lexicographical construction. Based on slang material from Pskov and St. Petersburg involving unofficial urbanonyms from Ufa, Volgograd, Novosibirsk, and other cities, the evaluative attitude of nominators towards design projects embodied in architectural structures, memorial objects, street sculpture, and monumental painting is demonstrated. Interpretations, comments, and contextual illustrations in the presented fragments of the projected dictionary reveal the specificity of the nominator's imagery associations when implementing various ways of slang formation: playful transformations of official names, references to precedent phenomena, metonymic and metaphorical transfers and their combinations.

Bromance in media often poses as a farce, but, oddly, also fortifies queer intimacies among men. According to Michael DeAngelis (2014), bromance acts with a dual function: ideologically and mythically. It plays a crucial role in representations of male-to-male friendship through its paradoxical capacity to both reinforce hegemonic norms and refuse heteronormative ideal for men. Imaginative illustrations of the antinomy of bromance is seen in anime, or Japanese animated cartoons whose most popular genre, shonen, depicts the hybridized goal of bromance to solidify male homosociality that often gets borderline homoerotic (if viewed through a queer lens). To demonstrate the hybridized capacity of bromance in media, this study presents a metaphorical analysis of the bromantic inter-male homosocial bonds in Beastars (Matsumi, 2019-2021), an anime featuring anthropomorphic animals. From an analysis based on bromance media studies, three thematic metaphors emerged: proximity, perversity, and concealment. These metaphors illustrate a reverence to "soft masculinity," an East-Asia-formulated androgynous male performance which indirectly dismantle hegemonic representations of men by preventing the figurative death of the male-on-male friendship at the hands of the heteronormative gaze.

Contents -- Illustrations -- Introduction: Memory on the Move -- Part I - Transcultural Memory -- Chapter 1 - Staging Shared Memory: Je Veux voir and L'Empreinte de l'ange -- Chapter 2 - Remembering the Indonesian Killings: The Act of Killing and the Global Memory Imperative -- Chapter 3 - Transnational Memory and the Construction of History through Mass Media -- Part II - Transgenerational Memory -- Chapter 4 - Small Acts of Repair: The Unclaimed Legacy of the Romanian Holocaust -- Chapter 5 - Fictions of Generational Memory: Caryl Phillips's In the Falling Snow and Black British Writing in Times of Mnemonic Transition -- Chapter 6 - The Uses of Facebook for Examining Collective Memory: The Emergence of Nasser Facebook Pages in Egypt -- Part III - Transmedial Memory -- Chapter 7 - Connective Memory: How Facebook Takes Charge of Your Past -- Chapter 8 - Embodiments of Memory: Toward an Existential Approach to the Culture of Connectivity -- Chapter 9 - Metaphorical Memories of the Medieval Crusades after 9/11 -- Part IV - Transdisciplinary Memory -- Chapter 10 - The Agency of Memory Objects: Tracing Memories of Soweto at Regina Mundi Church -- Chapter 11 - Cultural Memory Studies in the Epoch of the Anthropocene -- Chapter 12 - "Filled with Words": Modeling the September 11 Digital Archive and the Utiity of Digital Methods in the Study of Memory -- Index