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At the macro level, the economics of religion implies that religion will be more vibrant where it is less regulated and hence more competitive. Recent attempts to support this hypothesis are weakened by the use of religious pluralism as a proxy measure for the extent to which the religious market is subsidized or regulated. This article extends the analysis of religious market structure by measuring directly the regulation of religious markets in 18 Western democracies. The analysis provides strong support for the hypothesized connection between religious competitiveness and vitality. The results show that (a) the relationship between subsidized religion and religious participation holds in both Protestant and Catholic countries and (b) its explanatory power is far superior to that of religious pluralism alone. However, certain features of the results suggest that the "economics of religion" should be supplemented with noneconomic variables to achieve adequate sociological explanation.

1. Embodiment and reflexivity : gaining insight into food lifeways through the chili cook-off in Ajijic, Mexico / Eleanor Fisher, Alberto Arce, and F. Vladimir Diaz Copado -- 2. Creating healthy bodies in rural Ecuador at a time of dietary shift / Joan Gross, Carla Guerron Montero, Michaela Hammer, and Peter Berti -- 3. Finding the food by hiding the gold : Andoque abundance, mining, and food in the Colombian Amazon / Camilo Torres and Gerard Verschoor -- 4. Encounters with the Brazilian soybean boom : transnational farmers and the Cerrado / Andrew Ofstehage -- 5. Affective struggles in the desert : bringing water to bear on agriculture and food / Horacio Narvaez-Mena -- 6. People, cows and milking machines : public policy and intersubjectivity in Ecuador / Nicolas Vasconcellos -- 7. Forgive me for being human : Wirikuta nomadism and rebellious Peyote / Oscar F. Reyna -- 8. Feeding paradise? : corporeal food citizenship in the Galapagos / Christine Franke, Jessica Duncan, and Stephen Sherwood -- 9. Unfolding agencies and associations of agroecology networks in Brazil / Flavia Charao-Marques, Claudia Job Schmitt, and Daniela Oliveira -- 10. Deepening relationships through bio-intensive food : AgroSano in Oaxaca / Charlynne Curiel -- 11. Public good : wheat assemblages and the revalorization of culinary and handicraft in Bio-Bio, Chile / Paola Silva, Maruja Cortes Belmar, and Alberto Arce -- 12. Affectivity in public procurement : the case of New Dawn Cooperative and the elderly in Argentina / Maria Laura Viteri -- 13. Assembling responsible food markets : the case of Cooperativa La Manzana in southern Chile / Gustavo Blanco, Jilles van Gastel, and Andres Lagarrigue -- 14. 250,000 Families Campaign : the existence of flavor and taste / Stephen Sherwood, Ana Deaconu, and Myriam Paredes -- 15. Conclusion : the vitality of everyday food / Stephen Sherwood, Eleanor Fisher, and Alberto Arce.

A horizon of expectation seems to be much brighter when the regional cooperation among the Southeast Asian countries intensify due to their meeting commitment of integration. The culmination of the regional cooperation commitment in Southeast Asia is an agreement to become a solid community within the framework of the Asean Community. One aim of the Asean Community is to form a joint economic community among the countries in Southeast Asia, commonly known as the Asean Economic Community (AEC).AEC opens space for the flow of goods and services from ASEAN member countries freely, including items that have been developed by Usaha Mikro Kecil dan Menengah (UMKM) – Micro Small and Medium Enterprises. In Indonesia, especially in Malang, UMKM provide the foundation of the regional economic development. The implementation of AEC will slowly and surely give implications to UMKM and regional economy, more specifically the areas with less attention preparing for UMKM to face the Southeast Asian regional free market. It is an early gate to determine whether the position of this proved-to-be-resilient economic actors (read: UMKM) will be involved or will be squashed to be a spectator when the other countries of the region make Indonesia as a new trading arena.This research will conduct a preliminary assessment towards the local government's innovation in facing the implementation of AEC, primarily that relates to organizing UMKM at the local/village level. The purpose of this study is to gain an understanding in greater detail in accordance with the local government's response and strategies in Malang Raya to prepare village UMKM in dealing with the implementation of AEC. The study also attempts to find the initial design of strengthening the village UMKM that is adaptive to current regional and global trade liberalization. Field research will be conducted in Malang Regencies, Malang City, and Batu City, where all these areas have village UMKM that are enough to contribute to the local economy.

In most modern economies scientific and technological research activities are conducted in two distinct organizational modes: commercially oriented R&D based upon proprietary information, and noncommercial "open science." When taken together and kept in proper balance, these form a complementary pair of institutionally differentiated sub-systems. Each can work to amplify and augment the productivity of the other, thereby spurring long-term economic growth and improvements of social welfare in knowledge-driven societies. This paper considers the difference between historical origins of open science and its modern, critically important role in the allocation of research resources. The institutional structure of 'The Republic of Open Science�' generally is less well understood and has less robust self-sustaining foundations than the familiar non-cooperative market mechanisms associated with proprietary R&D. Although they are better suited for the conduct of exploratory science, they also remain more vulnerable to damages from collateral effects of shifts in government policies, particularly those that impact their fiscal support and regulatory environments. After reviewing the several challenges that such policy actions during the 20th century's closing decades had posed for continued effective collective explorations at the frontiers of scientific knowledge, the discussion examines the responses that those developments elicited from academic research communities. Those reactions to the threatened curtailment of timely access to data and technical information about new research methods and findings took the form of technical and organizational innovations designed to expand and enhance infrastructural protections for sustained open access in scientific and scholarly communications. They were practical, 'bottom-up' initiatives to provide concrete, domain relevant tools and organizational routines whose adoption subsequently could be, and in the event were reinforced by 'top-down' policy guidelines and regulatory steps by public funding agencies and international bodies. The non-politicized nature of that process, as well as its largely effective outcomes should be read (cautiously) as positive portents of the future vitality of the Republic of Open Science and of those societies that recognize, protect and adequately support this remarkable social innovation.

This paper aims to shed light on where China's reform process is heading by tracing the trajectory of its market-oriented reforms. It shows that Chinese market socialism is facing a dilemma. Developing the capital market and hardening local government budget constraints which are necessary for the structural adjustment of the economy would require China to go beyond the limits of market socialism. Focusing on socialist values and ideology might gain more political traction for the party but could also seriously change the political climate and trigger an unorganized collective action among government officials that unleashes massive bureaucratic interventions and destroys the market's vitality.

AbstractThis article looks at increased European co‐operation in higher education, taking as its main case study the proposal for universities to adopt a common core curriculum for European studies. The article situates higher education co‐operation in the context of political and economic imperatives promoting 'ever closer union' and highlights immanent dangers for academic goals. However, it also identifies the scale of European co‐operation as an opportunity for national higher education actors to resist together what they may be unable to resist alone: namely, greater economic and political intrusion into academic life. Long term, this may prove crucial to the vitality of the European integration process.

What are the key features will give a city "vitality"? What are the features of a city will give a tourist (a stranger to a city, temporary visit) or a local resident (an acquaintance to a city, a person who lives in a city for a long time) a good impression so that people will enjoy the time in the city? One of the most important part of the impression of a city comes from STREET. Jane Jacobs said in her book "The Death and Life of Great American Cities" that: "Think of a city and what comes to mind? It is streets. If a city's streets look interesting, the city looks interesting; if they look dull, the city look dull. Chinese cities has developed very fast these years. For a city under fast developing – the whole urban topology could be changed in a few years – what are the identical elements in a city should be maintained to still give people feelings that "I am still in Hefei" but not anywhere else. Cities all around the world almost all have same elements: infrastructure, streets, skyscrapers, seems like a lot of cities around the world have very similar images. Especially Chinese secondary cities such as Hefei, Changsha, or Nanchang. Different from Beijing or Shanghai that have developed for a bit of time and have developed their unique culture for many years, those secondary cities on the spot that should start to think about their future now. Hefei, a city that is under developing, and the speed of development is over fast. Under this condition a city's image could have been changed in a very short time: new identical buildings could be built in a very short time. For cities like Hefei under fast developing, what is the theme of the city so that the city can still keep its own image? I think that the answer is culture and people's life. Even though the buildings are all look similar, when people talk with local residents and listen to their dialects; when people live there and have some very local customs; when people eat very local food; people can feel that they are in a very different city. However, how could we promote that culture through architecture, is a question that a city like Hefei should think about. The government of Hefei wants to promote Hefei into a tourist city. In China, it looks like a trend in China these years to build series projects that can get a certificate from China National Tourism Administration then they start to claim that they are "tourist city". The criteria of getting the certificate are based on how many tour guide work in the tour place; how many tourists come to visit and how much money has invest to the tour place but nothing about culture or satisfaction from tourists. However, those projects cannot really reflect a city but to "create" a new image of a city to tourists. Most of tour places in China that only strangers will go to visit because there are tons of advertisement and promotion about those tour places online. However, once a place is defined as a "tour place" then it will be banned by local residents. Local residents describe tour place as "place for outsiders". Because of high liquidity of tourists, tour places never considered to have repeat customers. As a result, tour places never care about tourists' feeling: sell over expensive products; not delicate food; over promoted unreal local food and so forth. For example, after graduate from college, I was planning to go to Nanjing. Before I left I looked up information about Nanjing online, and almost every website introduced Confucius Temple to tourists. However, when I was trying to get some information from my friends in Nanjing, they told me that I can go to Confucius Temple but it is a place for outsiders. And they also said that I could try different things, but most of them are not authentic Nanjing food, and their flavor is way lower than average restaurants in Nanjing that is not opened in tour places. A city could take advantages of tourism is for sure. However, I don't think that tourism should separate local residents' and tourists' life. They should mix together, so that local residents could lead tourists to see real culture of a city; on the other hand, tourists could bring economics benefits to the city for residents. However, what is the media that can link tourists and residents together? To make a tour place worth to go, at the same time can also make people feel the local life and customs in a city? My answer is market. Market is a place that can be very identical, where is a place that tourists and local residents can exchange resources and information. New shopping types are created with time going. Regular market, shopping pedestrian, cluster shopping center, shopping mall and street market. Shopping and food

It is well known that before the commencement of the reform in 1978, China practiced a planned economic system (to be exact, an examination and approval economy). This system was characterized by its over‐centralization, the practice of planned management, exclusion of market mechanisms and neglect of the law of value. As a kind of exploration for the initial construction of the socialist state, this highly centralized planned economic system achieved notable results. It played a positive role in accelerating economic construction, especially industrial construction, by concentrating limited resources of a backward country in specific ways. However, with the development of socialist production and the expansion of the construction scale, the planned economy's defects of overlooking the law of value and the role of the market became greater with each passing day, it led to the irrational allocation of resources, low economic returns and serious hindrance to the enhancement of overall national strength, thereby restraining the vitality and vigor of socialism. The history of world economic development has proved that under state macro‐control, the market economic structure and operating mechanism based on the full development of commodity production and the law of value are so far the more effective economic structure and operating mechanism in human history that can properly realize the optimum allocation of social resources and promote the development of productive forces. Therefore, in China at the present stage, the replacement of the administrative economic system by the market economic structure is a major reform aimed to liberate and develop productive forces and bring about fuller development of the superiority of the socialist publicly owned economy.