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The mitochondrial calcium uniporter is a highly selective ion channel composed of species- and tissue-specific subunits. However, the functional role of each component still remains unclear. Here, we establish a synthetic biology approach to dissect the interdependence between the pore-forming subunit MCU and the calcium-sensing regulator MICU1. Correlated evolutionary patterns across 247 eukaryotes indicate that their co-occurrence may have conferred a positive fitness advantage. We find that, while the heterologous reconstitution of MCU and EMRE in vivo in yeast enhances manganese stress, this is prevented by co-expression of MICU1. Accordingly, MICU1 deletion sensitizes human cells to manganese-dependent cell death by disinhibiting MCU-mediated manganese uptake. As a result, manganese overload increases oxidative stress, which can be effectively prevented by NAC treatment. Our study identifies a critical contribution of MICU1 to the uniporter selectivity, with important implications for patients with MICU1 deficiency, as well as neurological disorders arising upon chronic manganese exposure. ; We acknowledge support from the German Research Foundation (DFG) under the Emmy Noether Programme (PE 2053/1-1 to F.P. and J.W.), the Munich Center for Systems Neurology (SyNergy EXC 1010 to F.P.), the Juniorverbund in der Systemmedizin "mitOmics" (FKZ 01ZX1405B to V.G. and A.L.), The Bert L & N Kuggie Vallee Foundation (to F.P. and D.M.A.), the DFG (MO1944/1-2 to D.M.), the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry, and Competitiveness (MEIC; BFU2015-67107), the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement ERC-2016-724173 (to T.G. and A.A.P.), and the NIH (RO1 GM102724 to G.H.).

Essential elements such as copper and manganese may demonstrate U‐shaped exposure‐response relationships due to toxic responses occurring as a result of both excess and deficiency. Previous work on a copper toxicity database employed CatReg, a software program for categorical regression developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, to model copper excess and deficiency exposure‐response relationships separately. This analysis involved the use of a severity scoring system to place diverse toxic responses on a common severity scale, thereby allowing their inclusion in the same CatReg model. In this article, we present methods for simultaneously fitting excess and deficiency data in the form of a single U‐shaped exposure‐response curve, the minimum of which occurs at the exposure level that minimizes the probability of an adverse outcome due to either excess or deficiency (or both). We also present a closed‐form expression for the point at which the exposure‐response curves for excess and deficiency cross, corresponding to the exposure level at which the risk of an adverse outcome due to excess is equal to that for deficiency. The application of these methods is illustrated using the same copper toxicity database noted above. The use of these methods permits the analysis of all available exposure‐response data from multiple studies expressing multiple endpoints due to both excess and deficiency. The exposure level corresponding to the minimum of this U‐shaped curve, and the confidence limits around this exposure level, may be useful in establishing an acceptable range of exposures that minimize the overall risk associated with the agent of interest.

Nutritional imbalance is emerging as a causative factor of hearing loss. Epidemiologic studies have linked hearing loss to elevated plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) and folate deficiency, and have shown that folate supplementation lowers tHcy levels potentially ameliorating age-related hearing loss. The purpose of this study was to address the impact of folate deficiency on hearing loss and to examine the underlying mechanisms. For this purpose, 2-mo-old C57BL/6J mice (Animalia Chordata Mus musculus) were randomly divided into 2 groups (n = 65 each) that were fed folate-deficient (FD) or standard diets for 8 wk. HPLC analysis demonstrated a 7-fold decline in serum folate and a 3-fold increase in tHcy levels. FD mice exhibited severe hearing loss measured by auditory brainstem recordings and TUNEL-positive-apoptotic cochlear cells. RT-quantitative PCR and Western blotting showed reduced levels of enzymes catalyzing homocysteine (Hcy) production and recycling, together with a 30% increase in protein homocysteinylation. Redox stress was demonstrated by decreased expression of catalase, glutathione peroxidase 4, and glutathione synthetase genes, increased levels of manganese superoxide dismutase, and NADPH oxidase-complex adaptor cytochrome b-245, α-polypeptide (p22phox) proteins, and elevated concentrations of glutathione species. Altogether, our findings demonstrate, for the first time, that the relationship between hyperhomocysteinemia induced by folate deficiency and premature hearing loss involves impairment of cochlear Hcy metabolism and associated oxidative stress. ; R.M.-V. is supported by a fellowship from the JAE-CSIC predoctoral program. This work was supported by grants from the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (BFU2009-08977 to M.A.P., SAF2011-24391 to I.V.-N., and PS09/01762 to C.M.-A.), the European Union (FP7-AFHELO and TARGEAR to I.V.-N.), U.S. National Institutes of Health National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (Grant DK056350 to S.H.Z.), and Puleva BioFoods (to I.V.-N., G.V.-M., and M.A.P.). ; Peer Reviewed

2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Metals and their essentiality for life -- 2.2.1 Classification of elements in the human body on the basis of their concentration -- 2.2.2 Classification of elements in the human body on the basis of their physiological role -- 2.2.3 Some important elements and their roles in the human body -- 2.2.3.1 Iron -- 2.2.4 Effects of iron deficiency -- 2.2.5 Effects of iron overload -- 2.2.6 Zinc -- 2.2.7 Effects of zinc deficiency -- 2.2.8 Effects of zinc overload -- 2.2.9 Copper -- 2.2.10 Effects of copper deficiency -- 2.2.11 Effects of copper overload -- 2.2.12 Manganese

21 Pags.- 4 Figs.- 4 Tabls. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license. ; Iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) are two essential elements for plants that compete for the same uptake transporters and show conflicting interactions at the regulatory level. In order to understand the differential response to both metal deficiencies in plants, two proteomic techniques (two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and label-free shotgun) were used to study the proteome profiles of roots from tomato plants grown under Fe or Mn deficiency. A total of 119 proteins changing in relative abundance were confidently quantified and identified, including 35 and 91 in the cases of Fe deficiency and Mn deficiency, respectively, with 7 of them changing in both deficiencies. The identified proteins were categorized according to function, and GO-enrichment analysis was performed. Data showed that both deficiencies provoked a common and intense cell wall remodelling. However, the response observed for Fe and Mn deficiencies differed greatly in relation to oxidative stress, coumarin production, protein, nitrogen, and energy metabolism. ; Supported by the Spanish Research Agency (Grant PID2020-115856RB-100 funded by MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033) and the Aragón Government (group A09-20R). Research conducted in Iwate University was in part supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers 24-7373, 22120003, and 24370018. L.C.-L was supported by an FPI-MINECO contract. ; Peer reviewed

A Síndrome de Down é uma alteração genética que leva ao desenvolvimento de complicações clínicas que podem estar associadas a ingestão deficiente de nutrientes. Desse modo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o consumo de micronutrientes, como: vitaminas B1, B6, B9, C, D, E, A, K, minerais Cálcio, Selênio, Manganês, Iodo, Zinco e Cobre em pacientes com Síndrome de Down. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo transversal com 15 adultos com Síndrome de Down, entre 20 a 40 anos, 6 mulheres e 9 homens, que foram atendidos no Centro de Referência à Obesidade no Hospital Universitário Bettina Ferro de Souza em Belém- PA. A maioria apresentou alguma deficiência na ingestão, dentre os micronutrientes avaliados, as vitaminas B1, B9, E, A, K, Cálcio, Selênio e Manganês, estavam inferiores ao estipulado ao grupo feminino. Para o masculino, os nutrientes inadequados foram B1, B6, B9, E e K, Cálcio, Selênio, Manganês, Cobre e Iodo, os quais, nessas condições, podem levar ao comprometimento de funções corporais. As vitaminas C, D e mineral Zinco, em ambos os grupos, B6, Iodo e Cobre nas mulheres e vitamina A nos homens, permaneceram acima da recomendação. Considerando a análise do R24h e as condições fisiopatológicas dos pacientes, há probabilidade de haver carências nutricionais, pois a maioria das amostras apresentou algum grau de deficiência no consumo de micronutrientes. Assim, como não há dados que comprovem as implicações dessas desordens nutricionais nesses pacientes, esse estudo é de extrema importância para impulsionar outros trabalhos sobre essa temática.
Palavras-chave: Síndrome de Down. Micronutrientes. Deficiência Nutricional.
AbstractDown Syndrome is a genetic alteration that leads to the development of clinical complications that may be associated with deficient nutrient intake. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the consumption of micronutrients, such as: vitamins B1, B6, B9, C, D, E, A, K, minerals Calcium, Selenium, Manganese, Iodine, Zinc and Copper in patients with Syndrome of Down. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study with 15 adults with Down Syndrome, between 20 and 40 years old, 6 women and 9 men, who were treated at the Obesity Reference Center at the Bettina Ferro de Souza University Hospital in Belém- PA. The majority had some deficiency in their intake, among the micronutrients evaluated, vitamins B1, B9, E, A, K, Calcium, Selenium and Manganese, were lower than those stipulated for the female group. For men, the inadequate nutrients were B1, B6, B9, E and K, Calcium, Selenium, Manganese, Copper, and Iodine, which, under these conditions, can lead to compromised bodily functions. Vitamins C, D and the mineral Zinc, in both groups, B6, Iodine and Copper in women and vitamin A in men, remained above the recommendation. Considering the 24hR analysis and the patients' pathophysiological conditions, there is likely to be nutritional deficiencies, as most samples showed some degree of deficiency in the consumption of micronutrients. Therefore, as there is no data that proves the implications of these nutritional disorders in these patients, this study is extremely important to promote further work on this topic.
Keywords: Down Syndrome. Micronutrients. Nutritional Deficiency.

Clinical Correlates in Nutritional Disease -- 1. Fetal Growth -- 2. Postnatal Growth -- 3. References -- Clinical Significance of Riboflavin Deficiency -- 1. Structure and Chemical-Physical Properties -- 2. Metabolism and Functions -- 3. Requirements -- 4. Assessment of Riboflavin Status -- 5. Occurrence of Riboflavin Deficiency -- 6. Causes of Deficiency -- 7. Effects of Riboflavin Deficiency -- 8. References -- Role of Vitamin C in Health and Disease -- 1. Synthesis -- 2. Catabolism -- 3. Physiology -- 4. Recommended Daily Allowances -- 5. Toxic Effects of Large Vitamin C Intake -- 6. Vitamin C Deficiency -- 7. Methods of Assessing Vitamin C Adequacy -- 8. References -- Vitamin A and Retinol Binding Protein Alterations in Disease -- 1. Vitamin A Chemistry, Metabolism and function -- 2. Retinol Binding Proteins -- 3. Vitamin A and Retinol Binding Proteins in Cancer -- 4. References -- Vitamin D - Its Excessive Use in the U.S.A. -- 1. History of Development of Knowledge of Vitamin D Requirements -- 2. Vitamin D Concentration in Foods -- 3. Absorption, Turnover and Storage of Vitamin D -- 4. Toxicity of Excess Vitamin D -- 5. References -- The Clinical Implications of Lipid Antioxidant Nutrition -- 1. Background -- 2. Vitamin E as a Free Radical Trap -- 3. Vitamin E Deficiency and Anemias -- 4. Vitamin E Insufficiency in the Adult -- 5. Relationship of Vitamin E Dietary Levels to Vitamin E Concentration -- 6. Forms of Vitamin E and Their Biologic Activity -- 7. The Measurement of Serum Vitamin E Concentrations -- 8. Liver Necrosis, Vitamin E and Selenium Deficiencies -- 9. References -- Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid: Clinical and Pathophysiological Considerations -- 1. Historical Aspects -- 2. Characteristics of Megaloblastic Anemias -- 3. Vitamin B12 Deficiency -- 4. Folic Acid Deficiency -- 5. Inborn Errors of Metabolism Resulting in Megaloblastic Anemia and Megaloblastic Anemia in Children -- 6. References -- Trace Metals in Health and Disease -- 1. Chromium -- 2. Cobalt -- 3. Copper -- 4. Fluorine -- 5. Iodine -- 6. Iron -- 7. Manganese -- 8. Molybdenum -- 9. Nickel -- 10. Silicon -- 11. Selenium -- 12. Tin -- 13. Vanadium -- 14. Zinc -- 15. References -- Role of Specific Nutritional Components on Plasma Lipids, Lipoproteins and Coronary Heart Disease -- 1. Coronary Heart Disease -- 2. Effects of Specific Nutritional Substances on Serum Lipid Concentrations -- 3. Nutritional Modification for the Prevention and Treatment of Hyperlipidemia and Dyslipoproteinemia -- 4. Role of the Physician, Clinical Biochemist, and Dietician in Dietary Management -- 5. References -- Dietary Management of Hyperlipidemia: the Prudent Polyunsaturated Fat Diet -- 1. Rationale of the Diet Parameters -- 2. Development of the Therapeutic Diet -- 3. Practical Considerations -- 4. Modifications of the Prudent Polyunsaturated Fat Diet -- 5. Patient Adherence -- 6. Summary and Sample Menus -- 7. References -- Effects of Hypoproteinemia on Serum Lipoprotein Composition of Dogs and Rats -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methods -- 3. Results -- 4. Discussion -- 5. References -- Dietary Fiber and Disease -- 1. Atherosclerosis -- 2. Colon Carcinogenesis -- 3. Diabetes Mellitus -- 4. References -- Some Manifestations of Malabsorption in Disease -- 1. Review of Assimilation of Nutrients -- 2. Abnormalities Associated with Malabsorption -- 3. Activity of Intestinal Microflora -- 4. References -- Amino Acids in Health and Disease -- 1. Protein Requirements -- 2. Factors Affecting Plasma Amino Acid Concentrations -- 3. References -- Aminograms in Various Types of Liver Disease -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Materials -- 3. Methods -- 4. Results -- 5. Discussion -- 6. References -- The Role of Erythrocyte Amino Acids in Energy Metabolism -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Utilization of Amino Acids by the Liver and Kidney for Gluconeogenesis -- 3. Transport of Amino Acids for Gluconeogenesis -- 4. References -- Contributors.

Abstract
Human semen contains several trace elements such as calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se) which are necessary for reproductive health, normal spermatogenesis, sperm maturation, motility and capacitation, as well as normal sperm function. In this review, the potential role of these trace elements in male reproductive health, normal function of spermatozoa and fertility potency were considered. We selected and reviewed articles that considered crucial roles of trace elements in human sperm function and fertility. Ca is essential for sperm motility and its hyperactivation, sperm capacitation and acrosome reaction, as well as sperm chemotaxis. Sodium (Na) and potassium (K) are involved in sperm motility and capacitation. Mg is necessary for normal ejaculation, spermatogenesis and sperm motility. Zn is one of the most significant nutrients in human semen. Seminal deficiency of Zn can be associated with delayed testicular development, impaired spermatogenesis, deficiency of sex hormones, oxidative stress and inflammation, and apoptosis. Se is another significant element which has antioxidative properties and is essential for spermatogenesis and the maintenance of male fertility. Mn is a potent stimulator for sperm motility; however, increased level of seminal plasma Se can be toxic for sperm. Like Se, Cu has antioxidative properties and has a positive effect on sperm parameters. Decreased level of these trace elements can negatively affect human reproductive health, semen quality, sperm normal function and as the result, fertility potency in men. Measurement of these trace elements in men with idiopathic infertility is necessary.

High-carbohydrate (HC) diets and low-carbohydrate ketogenic diets (LCKD) are consumed by athletes for body composition and performance benefits. Little research has examined nutrient density of self-selected HC or LCKDs and consequent effect on blood haematology in an athlete population. Using a non-randomised control intervention trial, nutrient density over 3 days, total blood count and serum ferritin, within endurance athletes following a self-selected HC (n = 11) or LCKD (n = 9) over 12 weeks, was examined. At week 12, HC diet participants had greater intakes of carbohydrate, fibre, sugar, sodium, chloride, magnesium, iron, copper, manganese and thiamine, with higher glycaemic load (GL), compared to LCKD participants (P < 0.05). LCKD participants had greater intakes of saturated fat, protein, a higher omega 3:6 ratio, selenium, vitamins A, D, E, K1, B12, B2, pantothenic acid and biotin. Mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) decreased in LCKD participants after 12 weeks but remained unchanged in HC participants, with no change in serum ferritin in either group. This analysis cannot examine nutrient deficiency, but athletes should be made aware of the importance of changes in dietary type on micronutrient intakes and blood haematology, especially where performance is to be considered.

Abstract
About half of the human population suffers from deficiency of mineral elements, mostly iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn). The purpose of the research was to compare the concentration of Fe and Zn in grain of 19 spring barley (in Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes and the concentration of Zn and manganese (Mn) in grain of 19 winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes grown in organic and conventional management systems during two growing seasons. The average concentration of Fe in barley ranged from 32.51-86.85 mg·kg-1 and was higher under conventional management (p < 0.001); the effect of genotype was significant (p = 0.014). The average concentration of Zn in barley ranged 16.79-48.51 mg·kg-1 and was significantly higher under the organic system (p < 0.001); in wheat it was 21.52-29.89 mg·kg-1 with no difference between the management systems; the effect of genotype was significant (p = 0.03 and p < 0.001 for barley and wheat, respectively). The average concentration of Mn in wheat ranged from 24.63-36.07 mg·kg-1 and was higher under the conventional system (p < 0.001); significant differences between genotypes were observed (p < 0.001). Barley and wheat genotypes with higher concentrations of the investigated elements were identified for use in breeding for improvement of grain quality. Zn concentration correlated negatively with grain yield and positively with grain protein concentration.

The nutritional status, juice quality and sugar production of sugarcane varieties RB867515 and RB92579 were evaluated in the cane-plant cycle, as a function of magnesium doses applied at the bottom of the planting furrow. The study, installed in soil with a Mg content equal to 0.61 cmolc dm-3, was conducted in an experimental design in randomized blocks with four replications. The study was a 2 x 5 factorial: two sugarcane varieties: RB867515 and RB92579, and five doses of magnesium: zero, 60, 120, 180 and 240 kg per hectare, using magnesium oxide as a source of Mg. commercial magnesium. The plots consisted of seven furrows of five meters in length with 1.0 meter spacing. All plots received phosphorus and potassium fertilization at a dose of 100 kg of phosphorus and 150 kg of potassium per hectare, with no nitrogen fertilization. In the maximum growth phase of sugarcane, the nutritional status of sugarcane was evaluated. About a year after planting, when the cane was mature, the cane plant was harvested to assess the quality of the juice and the sugar production of the varieties. There was no effect of magnesium fertilization on any of the analyzed variables. Regarding the nutrient content in leaf +3, nutritional deficiency was found only for potassium, copper and manganese. The RB92579 had an average productivity of industrializable stalks and sugars, respectively of 96.0 and 13.7 tons per hectare, surpassing the RB867515 by about 10%. The results of this study confirm reports by other researchers who mention that Mg contents of the order of 0.50 cmolc dm-3 are sufficient for adequate nutrition of sugarcane.

Colombia is part of the first countries worldwide water wealth, still high in some places and in others it is too low, this due to different climatic, topographic factors and the geographical distribution of the population in the country. The access to potable water quality continues to be a priority by the municipal authorities, departmental and entities responsible for the monitoring and control of water quality, which provide quality standards in the Decree 1575 of 2007, in order to decrease the level of risk of related diseases drinking water. The risk index Water Quality-IRCA was established in Decree 1575 of 2007 as a basic tool for controlling and monitoring the quality of water for human consumption, which took effect to Resolution 2115 of 2007 where it imparts calculation methodology and classification according to the microbiological, physical and chemical characteristics. This project's main objective is to analyze the IRCA and its relation to the behavior of the precipitation and temperature within the geographic area of the department of Santander in the period 2012 - 2013, for which a correlational and explanatory methodology, divided into four (developed 4) main phases: the first exploratory phase was conducted to compile information from the reports of water quality department of Santander by the application SIVICAP, geographical information and weather information IGAC IDEAM also plans to consult development, POT, WHO, PAHO Departmental, Municipal and internationally. The second phase corresponded to the selection of representative information using criteria of quality and quantity of the data provided in the application of SIVICAP further processing and statistical management information IRCA by correlating parameters scatter diagrams and calculation the Pearson correlation coefficient to assess the impact of turbidity on the remaining 21 parameters or conversely how these affect the turbidity in the water. Phase 3 evaluates the impact of weather variables (temperature and precipitation) and in the IRCA physiographic, performing comparative scatter diagrams between the behavior of the precipitation and IRCA in the same period, on the other hand the meteorological variables were correlated linearly with the IRCA, this correlation was analyzed based on the calculation of the coefficient of Pearson correlation and strength. At this stage I represent in thematic maps IRCA behavior classified according to the risk to human health generate together the percentage distribution of the amount of supplied data in the SIVICAP city. As a final phase all the information used to generate alternatives and recommendations of the shortcomings in the management, control and surveillance of the IRCA database was compiled. According to the results of the project deficiency was found in the reporting of information on parameters such as manganese, molybdenum, aluminum and fluorides, for 2012 no information was not provided in the municipalities of Floridablanca and Santa Helena del Opon. In general correlations for the two years they were presented in about 82 municipalities where the strength exhibited strong correlation between turbidity, apparent color and total iron. With regard to weather variables were only 13 municipalities due to the availability of weather information, values were obtained strong correlation with respect to precipitation and almost none with respect to temperature. Thematic maps made in the distribution of risk in the Department of Santander was represented, the behavior of IRCA in some municipalities where representative number of samples presented during the year such as: Barrancabermeja, Mogotes, San Gil, Piedecuesta, Rio Black, Málaga, Socorro and Suaita. Finally recommendations to management approach to government agencies and consideration of the meteorological variables studied were generated; within which the municipal Health Secretariats should provide the information for the number of population served by person providing the service, as well as greater coverage in the treatment of water in rural areas. Government agencies should assess the real situation of each municipality in terms of strengths, needs and gaps in providing effective solutions development plans and government plans. Moreover it should be noted the importance in measuring the chemical characteristics that are recognized adverse effect on human health and not only in basic features.

ÖZETYAVAŞ YARAYIŞLI GÜBRELERİN PERFORMANSLARININ SAPTANMASIGübre endüstrisi, tarım politikalarının ve tarımsal uygulamaların sürekli olarak yenilenmesinden dolayı her zaman ürünlerini geliştirme zorluğu ile karşı karşıya kalmaktadır. Bu da mevcut ürünlerin geliştirilmesi veya belirli uygulamalara özel yeni gübre türlerinin üretilmesi şeklinde karşımıza çıkmaktadır.Özellikle geleneksel olarak kullanılan azotlu gübreler olan DAP, üre, amonyum nitrat, amonyum sülfat, kalsiyum amonyum nitrat ve de NPK kompoze gübrelerinde, azotun çok hareketli olması ve çabucak çözünerek toprağın derinliğine gitmesinden dolayı yer altı su kaynaklarının kirlenmesi söz konusu olduğundan bu gübrelerin yerine özel üretilmiş gübreler tercih edilmelidir. Bu özel gübre sınıfını yaprak gübreleri, kontrol edilebilen yavaş yarayışlı gübreler, nitrifikasyon ve üreaz inhibitörleri/dengeleyici gübreler olarak sıralayabiliriz.Yapraktan gübreleme işlemi geliştirilebilir hem de yukarıda belirtilen olumsuzlukların önüne geçebilir. Ancak buradaki en önemli sıkıntı yapraktan yapılan gübrelemelerde verilebilen besin maddesi miktarının sınırlı olmasıdır. Ayrıca bu uygulama ekonomik değildir.İşte burada özellikle azotlu mineral gübreler için uygulanabilir başka bir yöntem olan, bitkinin ihtiyaç duyduğu zamanda salınabilen ve akıllı gübreler olarak tarif edilen yavaş yarayışlı ve kontrol edilebilir gübreler veya bitkinin gerçekten ihtiyaç duyduğu zamana kadar azotu koruyabilen dengeleyici gübrelerin kullanılması önem kazanmaktadır.Yavaş ve de kontrollü salınım yapabilen gübreler, en az dengeleyici gübreler kadar iyi bir şekilde, ideal bir gübre olarak, ihtiyaçları önemli ölçüde karşılamaktadır.Bu iki özel tür gübre sayesinde verim artmıştır, çevreye olan olumsuz etkiler minimuma indirilmiştir, arazilerde geri dönüşü çok zor olan olumsuzlukların önüne geçilmiştir.Bu çalışmanın amacı işlenmiş atık derilerden elde edilen yavaş yarayışlı gübrelerin farklı toprak tiplerinde davranış şekillerinin tespit edilmesidir. Belirli zaman dilimlerinde toprak içerisinde kalan ve bozunan azot miktarı belirlenerek, azotun bozunması sırasında toprağın fiziksel ve kimyasal özelliklerine olan etkisi, diğer makro ve mikro bitki besin elementleri üzerine olan antagonistik veya sinerjik etkilerinin belirlenmesi incelenmiştir. İşlenmiş atık derilerden elde edilen yavaş yarayışlı gübrenin azot salınımı, başka bir yavaş yarayışlı gübre ve geleneksel azotlu gübrelerle kıyaslanmıştır.Ayrıca az miktarda bulunduğunda bitki gelişimini olumsuz yönde etkileyen fakat yüksek miktarlara çıkıldıkça bitki üzerine toksik etki yapabilen mikro besin elementlerinden demir, bakır, mangan ve çinko elementlerinin, işlenmiş deri atıklarından elde edilen yavaş yarayışlı gübreye adsorplanması çalışılmıştır.Anahtar Kelimeler: Yavaş yarayışlı gübreler, makro besin maddeleri, mikro besin maddeleriABSTRACTDETERMINATION OF PERFORMANCES OF SLOW RELEASE FERTILIZERSThe fertilizer industry faces a permanent challenge to improve theefficiency of its products. This is done either through improvement offertilizers already in use or through development of new specificfertilizer types.Losses through immobilization, denitrification/volatilization and leaching may occur especially with nitrogen. Consequently, it has been the challenge of the fertilizer industry to develop special types of fertilizers avoiding or at least reducing such losses, in addition to the production of conventional nitrogen-containing fertilizer types (ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate, calcium ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate nitrate, urea, DAP, and NP and NPK fertilizers).These special types can be listed as: • Foliar fertilizers. • Slow-release and controlled-release coated/encapsulated fertilizers. • Nitrification and urease inhibitors/stabilized fertilizers (fertilizers associated with nitrification or urease inhibitors). In fact, the utilization rate of nutrients could be improved considerably through leaf application, because any immobilization or leaching such as occurs in the soil is avoided. However, the disadvantage of foliar sprays is that in all cases only rather limited amounts of nutrients can be applied. In practice this makes it impossible to economically apply all the necessary nutrients via plant leaves. Another possible route of improving nutrient use efficiency is the use of mineral fertilizers, particularly nitrogen fertilizers, which release the nutrients contained according to the plants' requirements, so-called 'intelligent fertilizers', i.e. by application of slow and controlled-release, or by 'stabilized' nitrogen fertilizers, which preserve the nutrients until plants really require them. Slow, and particularly controlled-release as well as 'stabilized' fertilizers meet these requirements for an ideal fertilizer to a considerable extent. Though slow and controlled-release and stabilized fertilizers cancontribute to improved nutrient efficiency, minimizing negativeenvironmental effects, it has to be kept in mind that errors in field andcrop management cannot be compensated for by the use of these specialfertilizer types.The aim of this study is to research the slow release fertilizer which produced from modified waste leather behavior on different types of soil samples. Determination of antagonistic interaction and synergistic effects between slow release fertilizer and other nutrients.Comparison of the nitrogen release performance of slow release fertilizer which produced form modified waste leather with another contolled release fertilizer and a conventional fertilizer. Treatment of the slow release fertilizer with iron, copper, manganese and zinc solutions to determine the adsorption capacity of fertilizer. Because micronutrient deficiency is a major growth limiting factor of plants, but micronutrient excess can be toxic.Keywords: Slow release fertilizer, macro nutrients, micro nutrients