Suchergebnisse

We analyse the potential for shifting freight transports to the railways in Western and Central Europe. This potential arises for large and concentrated freight flows over long distances of about 300 km or more. However, we show that there are only few such freight flows in Europe, and that they are concentrated or connected to the central European population centers, sometimes called the "Blue Banana". As a consequence, the European railway freight corridors according to EU Regulation 913/2010 should be divided into two distinct groups: first tier and second tier corridors. Substantial innovations should be introduced on the first tier corridors first, in order to increase efficiency and reduce noise. This refers to core innovations for rolling stock like the introduction of automatic couplings, electronic or electro-pneumatic brakes, and modern bogies.

We analyse the potential for shifting freight transports to the railways in Western and Cen-tral Europe. This potential arises for large and concentrated freight flows over long distances of about 300 km or more. However, we show that there are only few such freight flows in Europe, and that they are concentrated or connected to the central European population centers, sometimes called the "Blue Banana". As a consequence, the European railway freight corridors according to EU Regulation 913/2010 should be divided into two distinct groups: first tier and second tier corridors. Substantial innovations should be introduced on the first tier corridors first, in order to increase efficiency and reduce noise. This refers to core innovations for rolling stock like the introduction of automatic couplings, electronic or electro-pneumatic brakes, and modern ...

In Central America, cargo is transported almost entirely by road. The movement of imports and exports to and from international seaports is done by truck. Rail service is almost nonexistent and air transport serves less than one percent of the cargo generated within the Central American Common Market (SIECA, 2004). Intra-regional trade is much more important in Central America than it might seem at first glance. The second largest trading partner of Central America is the region itself. In 2010, one quarter of the exports from Central America were destined for final consumption within the region. Half of the exports of Central America (54 percent in 2010) correspond to agricultural products and a large proportion of them supply markets inside the region. Nearly 40 percent of intra-regional exports consist of food, beverages, animals and plants (SIECA, 2011). Perishable food products are transported on trucks, and spatially restricted by the geography and the road infrastructure. In this context, inefficiencies in the supply chain and delays in freight flows lead to economic losses and amplify the negative impact of the distance to the markets on trade. A gravity model of trade showed that the negative effect of distance1 on total intra-regional exports is 77 percent higher in Central America than in the European Union (World Bank, 2010). More precisely, an increase in distance by 1 percent is expected to reduce intra-regional bilateral exports in Central America by 1.65 percent. In terms of volume, the negative effect of distance within the region exceeds the effect in Europe by 50 percent in grains and up to 550 percent in processed food. In the latter case, an increase in distance by 1 percent is expected to reduce intra-regional bilateral exports of processed food in Central America by 2.88 percent.

Для современной России актуальной и по-прежнему острой является задача сохранения и повышения численности населения. Рассмотрение естественного движения населения как единственного и абсолютного решения данной задачи невозможно. В связи с этим становится необходимой реализация научно-обоснованной миграционной политики, наряду со стимулированием процессов воспроизводства населения. С целью обоснования данного положения исследована текущая ситуация в сфере внутренней миграции в России, проведен анализ факторов межрегиональных миграционных потоков. В качестве основных были использованы следующие методы исследования: статистический, описательный, аналитический. По итогам исследования выявлены причины существующей внутренней миграции, определены факторы, ограничивающие внутреннюю мобильность трудовых ресурсов. Установлено, что в отличие от развитых стран внутренняя миграция не рассматривается правительством РФ как реальный инструмент выравнивания межрегиональной дифференциации показателей социально-экономического развития. Сделан вывод о необходимости усиления контроля и ужесточения управления миграционными процессами в России. ; For modern Russia the problem of preservation and growth of population is still relevant. It is impossible to consider the natural movement of the population as a unique and absolute solution of the problem. In this regard, it is necessary to implement the scientifically grounded migration policy along with the stimulation of population reproduction. To substantiate this position the authors have studied the current situation in internal migration in Russia and have analyzed the factors of inter-regional migration flows. Statistics, descriptive, analytical methods of research were used as the main ones. The survey revealed the causes of the current internal migration, the factors limiting the internal mobility of labor resources. It was found out that unlike the developed countries the government of the Russian Federation does not consider the internal migration as a real instrument of equalization of regional differentiation of socio-economic development. The authors made the conclusion on the need to strengthen control and toughen the management of migration processes in Russia.