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Institution has been investigated having indirect role on economic growth. This paper aims to evaluate whether the quality of institution matters for economic growth. By applying institution as instrumental variable at Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), quality of institution significantly influence economic growth. This study applies two set of data period, namely 1985-2013 and 2000-2013, available online in the World Bank (WB). The first data set, 1985-2013 is used to estimate the role of financial sector on economic growth, focuses on 67 countries. The second data set, 2000-2013 determine the role of institution on financial sector and economic growth by applying 2SLS estimation method. We define institutional variables as set of indicators: Control of Corruption, Political Stability and Absence of Violence, and Voice and Accountability provide declining impact of FDI to economic growth.

Following the early 1980s apparent consensus, there has been a controversial debate in the literature over the direction of the minimum wage employment effect. Explanations to nonnegative effects range from theoretical to empirical identification and data issues. An explanation, however, that has not been sufficiently explored is that a non-negative effect might be an upward biased estimate of a truly negative effect, resulting from the simultaneous determination of the minimum wage and employment. This paper estimates the employment effect of the minimum wage using a number of political variables – not previously used in the literature – as excluded exogenous instruments to control for the endogeneity of the minimum wage variable. The data used is an under-explored Brazilian monthly household survey from 1982 to 2000. Robust results indicate that an increase in the minimum wage has very small adverse effects on employment.

Die Länder vergleichende Umfrageforschung benötigt Befragungsinstrumente, die in jedem an einem Projekt beteiligten Land das Gleiche messen. Für das Übersetzen von Fragen zu Einstellungen und Verhalten gibt es akzeptierte Prozeduren. Für die Übertragung von soziodemographischen Variablen ist ein Übersetzen nicht möglich - Surveyfragen zu soziodemographischen Merkmalen müssen harmonisiert werden. Die Statistikabteilungen von UN und Eurostat arbeiten zwar mit vergleichenden Messinstrumenten, diese sind aber nicht immer sinnvoll für die sozialwissenschaftliche Forschung einzusetzen. Die Autoren zeigen einerseits auf, welche Messinstrumente auf dem Markt existieren. Andererseits entwickeln sie zu den zentralen soziodemographischen Variablen eigene Messinstrumente für den internationalen sozialwissenschaftlichen Vergleich, die vorgestellt und diskutiert werden.

Prior to 1979, a cash bonus was used almost exclusively as the bid variable at outer continental shelf (OCS) lease auctions. Criticisms of the cash bonus as a bid variable led to the OCS Lands Act Amendments of 1978 which stipulated that alternative bid variables be employed on a portion of the leases issued over a five‐year trial period. The alternative bid variables include net profit share, royalty rate, and work commitmentEach of these bid variables is analyzed to determine the extent to which it (a) promotes economic efficiency, (b) returns fair market value to the government, (c) identifies and selects the most efficient firm to operate the lease, (d) promotes optimal risk sharing between the lessee and the government, and (e) minimizes administrative costsThis analysis has led the authors to conclude that while no bid variable is perfect, the traditional cash bonus is preferred