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The paper deals with cross-border insolvency protocols as special source of insolvency law. Protocols are agreements between parties in insolvency procedure that deal with many significant questions in order to establish cooperation and coordination between participants. Protocols are used in cross-border insolvency proceedings in order to overcome differences between state legislation that can pose major obstacle for maximization of the value or efficient reorganization procedure. This instrument has special significance in cases of cross-border-group-insolvencies. Namely, in this case every subsidiary is a separate entity, but the preservation of economic value of the group as a whole calls for cooperation between insolvency practitioners and/or judges. The topic is especially interesting having in mind that European Insolvency regulation Recast explicitly mentions the use of protocols as means of cooperation (Recital 49). This will most definitely have broader implications on insolvency laws of civil law countries and it will contribute to wider use of protocols in these countries.

Legal problems due to cross border insolvency are increasingly complex. The United Nations has issued the 1997 Model Law on Cross border Insolvency (CBI) to help countries solve their CBI problems. However, this model law is not effective because very few countries adopted it. The legal problem studied is why very few countries adopted the model law and how to overcome the ineffectiveness of the model law. The results of the study indicate that the lack of adoption of the model law caused by: the model law is only a non-binding legislative text; Too much flexibility encourages deviations from the provisions; do not want to reduce their sovereignty, status quo, international cooperation recommended by the model law is not always of primary interest, and many countries have been bound by international agreements on regional CBI which are considered more relevant than the model law. The solutions that can be suggested to overcome the ineffectiveness of the model law on CBI are national bankruptcy laws mechanism; the International Treaties and Conventions mechanism; Rules, Regulations, Principles and Guidelines mechanisms and protocol or adhoc agreements.

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- List of Abbreviations -- 1. The Cape Town Convention and the Concept of the International Interest -- I. Introduction -- II. The Concept of a Security Interest -- III. The Concept of the International Interest -- IV. The Legal Nature of International Interests: Proprietary or Contractual? -- 2. The Constitution of Security and other International Interests under the Convention and the Protocols -- I. Introduction -- II. The Effect of the Constitution of the International Interest -- III. The Autonomous Nature of the International Interest -- IV. The Formal Requirements -- 3. Registering an Interest in the International Registry -- I. Introduction -- II. Defining Features of the International Registry -- III. The Supervisory Authority and the Registrar -- IV. Objectives of the Registration and Registrable Interests -- 4. The Process of Registration -- I. Introduction -- II. Who Can Effect Registrations in the International Registry? -- III. Establishing an Account with the International Registry -- IV. Formal Requirements for Registration -- V. Validity and Time of Registration -- VI. Searches and Search Certificates -- VII. Discharge of Registration -- 5. Priority of Competing Security and other International Interests -- I. Introduction -- II. The General Rule: First-in-time, First-in-right -- III. The Possibility of a Purchase Money Security Interest -- IV. Exceptions to the General Rule of Priority -- V. Effects of Insolvency -- 6. Enforcement of Security Interests under the Convention and the Protocols -- I. Introduction -- II. Defining 'Default' -- III. The Requirement of Commercial Reasonableness: General Considerations -- IV. Default Remedies of the Secured Creditor -- V. Vesting of Object in Satisfaction -- Redemption -- VI. Speedy Relief Pending Final Determination

Abstract: The 2001 Cape Town Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment, with the Aircraft Equipment Protocol, is a major new convention which is designed to provide greatly enhanced security for financiers and lessors of aircraft objects, railway rolling stock and space property such as satellites. While previous conventions have provided a uniform conflict of laws rule they do not address the problem of major differences between legal systems, particularly in their attitude to the recognition and enforcement of security interests. The Convention's solution to these problems is radical and imaginative; it is no less than the creation of a wholly sui generis international interest which derives its force from the Convention, not from national law, which is perfected by registration in an International Registry and which upon registration is accorded priority over subsequently registered interests and unregistered interests and is given protection in the event of the debtor's insolvency. This paper, after describing the sphere of application of the Convention, analyses the nature of the international interest for which it provides and the relationship between that interest and interests arising under national law.

This collection contains 24 UNIDROIT- and UNCITRAL-Conventions and Model Acts. In the first time these very important rules for scolars and practitioners which are working in the field of intenational trade law are published in only one volume. Contract law in general: UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce (1996) Guide to Enactment of the UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce (1996) UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signatures (2001) UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (2004) Sales: United Nation Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (1980) Convention on the Limitation Period in the International Sale of Goods as amended by the protocol amending the Convention on the Limitation Period in the International Sale of Goods (1974-1980) Services: UNCITRAL Model Law on Procurement of Goods and Construction (1993) UNCITRAL Model Law on Procurement of Goods, Construction and Services (1994) Guide to Enactment of UNCITRAL Model Law on Procurement of Goods, Construction and Services Transport: United Nations Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea (1978) United Nations Convention on the Liability of Operators of Transport Terminals in International Trade (1991) CMI/UNCITRAL Draft instrument on the carriage of goods [wholly or partly] [by sea] (2003) Payment and Security: United Nations Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes (1988) United Nations Convention on Independent Guarantees and Stand-by Letters of Credit (1995) United Nations Convention on the Assignment of Receivables in International Trade (2001) UNCITRAL Model Law on International Credit Transfers (1992) UNIDROIT Draft Convention on substantive rules regarding securities held with an intermediary (2004) Other Commercial Contracts: UNIDROIT Convention on International Financial Leasing (1988) UNIDROIT Convention on International Factoring (1988) Property rights: UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects (1995) UNIDROIT Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment Arbitration: Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (1958) UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration (1985) Insolvency: UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency (1997)

Doing business sheds light on how easy or difficult it is for a local entrepreneur to open and run a small to medium-size business when complying with relevant regulations. It measures and tracks changes in regulations affecting 10 areas in the life cycle of a business: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency. In a series of annual reports doing business presents quantitative indicators on business regulations and the protection of property rights that can be compared across 183 economies, from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, over time. This economy profile presents the doing business indicators for Uzbekistan. To allow useful comparison, it also provides data for other selected economies (comparator economies) for each indicator. The data in this report are current as of June 1, 2011 (except for the paying taxes indicators, which cover the period January-December 2010).

Doing business sheds light on how easy or difficult it is for a local entrepreneur to open and run a small to medium-size business when complying with relevant regulations. It measures and tracks changes in regulations affecting 10 areas in the life cycle of a business: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency. In a series of annual reports doing business presents quantitative indicators on business regulations and the protection of property rights that can be compared across 183 economies, from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, over time. This economy profile presents the doing business indicators for Zimbabwe. To allow useful comparison, it also provides data for other selected economies (comparator economies) for each indicator. The data in this report are current as of June 1, 2011 (except for the paying taxes indicators, which cover the period January-December 2010).

This tenth edition of Doing Business sheds light on how easy or difficult it is for a local entrepreneur to open and run a small to medium-size business when complying with relevant regulations. It measures and tracks changes in regulations affecting eleven areas in the life cycle of a business: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts, resolving insolvency and employing workers. Doing Business presents quantitative indicators on business regulations and the protection of property rights that can be compared across 185 economies, from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, over time. The indicators are used to analyze economic outcomes and identify what reforms have worked, where and why. This economy profile presents the Doing Business indicators for Uzbekistan. To allow useful comparison, it also provides data for other selected economies (comparator economies) for each indicator. The data in this report are current as of June 1, 2012 (except for the paying taxes indicators, which cover the period January - December 2011).

In this paper I attempt to offer a legal analysis of recent legislations adopted in the United Kingdom and Belgium which aim to limit the possibility for sovereign debt creditors to obtain a judgment and collect on what is due to them under sovereign bonds. The paper starts with a review of various instances of holdout creditor litigation, seeking to explain the distinctive features of such litigation. The paper next turns to the various initiatives undertaken in different jurisdictions to curb the activities of so-called 'vulture funds'. The legislation adopted in Belgium and the UK is specifically examined. In a second part, the paper offers a more general analysis of the need for such specific legislation. The need to intervene at national level to restrict the activities of distressed debt funds is questioned, on the basis of recent evolutions both in the sovereign debt market (introduction of collective action clauses) and in the legal framework of such debt (among others the tightening up of the enforcement immunity granted to central bank assets). On this basis, it is submitted that creditor litigation is more a nuisance than an obstacle. In a final section, the paper review the compatibility of the UK Debt Relief Act 2010 with human rights standards, and in particular with Article 1 of the 1st Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights.

Doing Business sheds light on how easy or difficult it is for a local entrepreneur to open and run a small to medium-size business when complying with relevant regulations. It measures and tracks changes in regulations affecting 10 areas in the life cycle of a business: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency. In a series of annual reports Doing Business presents quantitative indicators on business regulations and the protection of property rights that can be compared across 183 economies, from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, over time. This economy profile presents the Doing Business indicators for Estonia. To allow useful comparison, it also provides data for other selected economies (comparator economies) for each indicator. The data in this report are current as of June 1, 2011 (except for the paying taxes indicators, which cover the period January- December 2010). The data not only highlight the extent of obstacles to doing business; they also help identify the source of those obstacles, supporting policy makers in designing regulatory reform.

This economy profile for Doing Business 2016 presents the 11 Doing Business indicators for Moldova. To allow for useful comparison, the profile also provides data for other selected economies (comparator economies) for each indicator. Doing Business 2016 is the 13th edition in a series of annual reports measuring the regulations that enhance business activity and those that constrain it. Economies are ranked on their ease of doing business; for 2015 Moldova ranks 52. A high ease of doing business ranking means the regulatory environment is more conducive to the starting and operation of a local firm. Doing Business presents quantitative indicators on business regulations and the protection of property rights that can be compared across 189 economies from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe and over time. Doing Business sheds light on how easy or difficult it is for a local entrepreneur to open and run a small to medium-size business when complying with relevant regulations. It measures and tracks changes in regulations affecting 11 areas in the life cycle of a business: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts, resolving insolvency and labor market regulation. The data in this report are current as of June 1, 2015 (except for the paying taxes indicators, which cover the period from January to December 2014).

The article investigates the problem of the effectiveness of judicial protection as a means of ensuring social rights. The development of the idea about the role of courts as implementers of social rights is revealed (relevant international treaties and additional protocols, international protection mechanisms with their positive and negative sides are studied). It has been determined that despite the growing interest and role of the courts in the protection of social rights, today the institutional enforcement of these rights is still insufficient. This situation is in part attributed to the legal history of the so-called second generation of rights as a phenomenon. The problems of implementing the so-called "landmark court decisions" (based on the relevant practice of Latin, North American, and European courts) were analyzed. The issue of taking responsibility for the protection of social rights by the courts and further difficulties in implementing the decisions taken into the legislation of states were reviewed. The major reasons and prerequisites are revealed, under which 'landmark decisions' do not render proper impact on social rights mechanisms and systems. Several decisions of Ukrainian courts to ensure social rights were processed and domestic problems of implementation of constitutional obligations and execution of court decisions were highlighted. It is established that despite the increase in the number of practical cases of social rights protection, the judicial system of Ukraine is still not ready to fully protect these rights. Conclusions were made on the urgent problems of efficiency of judicial protection of social rights and the urgent need to mobilize additional means. An outcome was made and an idea emerged that in the absence of cardinal reforms in the sphere of social rights protection, international judicial mechanisms will not be able to substitutefor internal state institutions, whose direct duty is to guarantee the provisions enshrined in the constitutions. It was pointed out that in the conditions of insolvency of the judicial system to guarantee social rights, this task is undertaken by other subjects - human rights organizations, international nongovernmental organizations, and businesses. ; У статті досліджується проблема ефективності судового захисту як засобу забезпечення соціальних прав. Продемонстровано розвиток ідеї про роль судів як гарантів соціальних прав (вивчаються відповідні міжнародні договори і додаткові протоколи, міжнародні механізми захисту з їхніми позитивними і негативними сторонами). Встановлено, що, незважаючи на зростаючий інтерес і роль судів у захисті соціальних прав, натепер інституційне забезпечення цих прав все ще є недостатнім. Ця ситуація частково пояснюється правовою історією формування поняття та сутності другого покоління прав як явища. Були проаналізовані проблеми реалізації так званих «гучних» рішень (на основі відповідної практики латиноамериканських, північноамериканських і європейськихсудів). Розглянуто питання щодо прийняття судами відповідальності за захист соціальних прав і подальші складнощі імплементації прийнятих рішень у законодавство держав. Виявлено основні причини і передумови, відповідно до яких «гучні» судові рішення не зумовлюють належного впливу на механізми і системи гарантування соціальних прав. Опрацьовано ряд рішень українських судів щодо забезпечення соціальних прав, а також висвітлені внутрішньодержавні проблеми імплементації конституційних зобов'язань і виконання судових рішень. Встановлено, що, незважаючи на збільшення кількості практичних кейсів щодо захисту соціальних прав, судова система України все ще не готова повною мірою захищати ці права. Були зроблені висновки щодо актуальності проблеми ефективності судового захисту соціальних прав і гострої необхідності мобілізації додаткових засобів. Обґрунтовано тезу про те, що в ситуації відсутності кардинальних реформ у сфері захисту соціальних прав міжнародні судові механізми не зможуть заміняти внутрішньодержавні інститути, прямим обов'язком яких є гарантування відповідних приписів, закріплених у конституціях. Було відзначено, що в умовах неспроможності судової системи гарантувати соціальні права це завдання беруть на себе інші суб'єкти - правозахис-ні організації, міжнародні неурядові організації, бізнес тощо.