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AbstractThis article argues for a population level of analysis, addressing a theoretical and empirical gap and enabling the analysis of transition, tempo, and timing at the macro level. The article examines four theories of population‐level innovation: population ecology, neo‐institutional theory, innovation diffusion, and population‐level learning theory. A population‐level empirical study of innovation and organizational learning addresses three research questions: the first and second examine patterns of innovation underpinned by learning over space and over time. The third concerns the processes and dynamics of those patterns. The data derive from the local government using mixed methods and multiple respondents over 9 years. The research shows the uneven spread of learning across the population, with the emergence of two subpopulations. Over time, innovation and learning strategies shifted. Learning in the population occurred through both direct interaction and vicarious learning from others in the population. Implications for population‐level theory, innovation, and learning are explored.

When does democracy work well, and why? Is democracy the best form of government? These questions are of supreme importance today as the United States seeks to promote its democratic values abroad. Democracy and Knowledge is the first book to look to ancient Athens to explain how and why directly democratic government by the people produces wealth, power, and security. Combining a history of Athens with contemporary theories of collective action and rational choice developed by economists and political scientists, Josiah Ober examines Athenian democracy's unique contribution to the ancient Gre.

This book examines the role of terrorist innovation and learning in theory and practice, and in the context of three specific EU case-studies. It is often said that terrorist groups are relatively conservative in character operating in a technological vacuum - relying almost exclusively on bombs and bullets. This observation masks increasing complexity and creativity and innovation within terrorist groups and one of the most distinguishing features of al-Qaeda's terrorist operations is its propensity for remarkable innovation. This book examines how and why terrorist groups innovate more genera.

In general, prescription drugs have an unobservable quality prior to consumption, which is called an 'experience characteristic'. Consumers learn these experience characteristics from both consumption experience and advertising exposure. Based on the Bayesian learning process of experience characteristics and the characteristics approach to demand functions, this paper proposes innovation-and-learning-adjusted price indexes for prescription drugs. This structural approach not only resolves the quality adjustment of new molecules but also avoids arbitrary assumptions on the link-in of generic drugs to the originator branded drug. The suggested price indexes are applied to the data for antidepressant drugs during the years 1980-1995. We have found; (i) the average annual growth rate of the focal price index is about -9.5%, which suggests that the existing price indexes for prescription drugs may seriously overstate the rate of inflation in arapidly growing market with the entry of innovative products; and (ii) consumers' learning about experience characteristics were substantial especially after active generic entry in 1986 and the entry of Prozac in 1988.