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We identify the conditions under which voters can induce political parties to collect information and to select policies which are optimal from the representative voter's point of view. We show that when parties are office motivated the voting rule should encourage parties to collect information. Voting rules that focus on the opposition party sometimes dominate voting rules that focus on the incumbent party. When parties are policy motivated, parties have also to be motivated to select good policies. Generally, it is easier to stimulate policy motivated parties to collect information than office motivated parties. However, in contrast to office motivated parties, policy motivated parties will sometimes select policies that conflict with the representative voter's interest.

We identify the conditions under which voters can induce political parties to collect information and to select policies which are optimal from the representative voter's point of view. We show that when parties are office motivated the voting rule should encourage parties to collect information. Voting rules that focus on the opposition party sometimes dominate voting rules that focus on the incumbent party. When parties are policy motivated, they also have to be motivated to select good policies. Generally, it is easier to stimulate policy motivated parties than office motivated parties to collect information. However, in contrast to office motivated parties, policy motivated parties will sometimes select policies that conflict with the representative voter's interest.

Mode of access: Internet. ; Separated from: Information resources management plan of the federal government.

Description based on: Fiscal year 1984. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Merged with: Five-year plan, meeting the automatic data processing and telecommunications needs of the federal government; to form: Information resources management plan of the federal government.

Abstract
Research in marketing has typically studied market information collection efforts from the perspective of employees and market research companies, disregarding the role that the top management team (TMT) plays in these efforts. In a B2B environment, we find positive effects of TMT involvement in market information collection efforts on firm innovativeness above and beyond employees' market information collection efforts. The observed effects are stronger for smaller firms and high-tech companies

An important role of smart cities is to aggregate and curate urban environment information provided by various sectors to improve citizens' quality of life better. In order to sense the urban environment, it is essential to involve human sensors through participatory sensing to complement and enhance the information obtained from infrastructures established by the government or industry with sensible information obtained through their experience. However, it is an important issue how to encourage people, who are engaged in daily activities with their own objectives, to take sensing behaviours. Gamification has been attracting attention as an incentive mechanism to solve this problem. In this dissertation, we focused on smart tourism, which is one of the important applications in smart city environments, and in order to realize sustainable spatiotemporal tourism information collection using gamified participatory sensing, we addressed the following two research challenges: (1) design of gamification and tasks that consider the burden on tourists, and (2) design of an appropriate task allocation interface and interaction, and personalization. In challenge (1), we introduced mission, point, and ranking functions as gamification elements. There are two types of missions: check-in mission to post photos and reviews at the designated tourist attraction and area mission to collect sensor data at the designated tourist attraction. We also designed three types of reward methods that differ in setting points obtained when completing missions. We conducted a tourism experiment with 33 participants to investigate our gamification designs' effect on the efficiency of tourism information collection and tourism satisfaction. The results show that area missions should be adopted when considering tourism satisfaction and that the variable reward method effectively collects tourism information without decreasing the satisfaction. In challenge (2), we designed two types of interfaces: a map-based interface in which the user selects the spots on the map with markers and a chat-based interface in which the agent character in the application passively selects the spots at the request of the user. For the chat-based interface, we developed four dialogue templates based on the dimensions of elaborateness and directness to elucidate the appropriate dialogue sentence. We conducted a tourism experiment with 118 participants to investigate the interface's effect on information collection efficiency and tourism satisfaction. The results show that the absolute amount of the collected data is about 1.4 times larger in the map-based interface, but the chat-based interface was able to more efficiently collect high-demanded spot information. There was a significant tendency to prioritize the mission over tourism in the chat-based interface. Moreover, there was a significant difference in the index of elaborateness among the agents, and more elaborate sentences were preferred. Finally, we found that there are correlations between some personality traits and contribution to sensing and interface preferences.

Testimony issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO discussed the implementation of the Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA)."