Suchergebnisse

This article argues that modern time discipline was a product of the eighteenth-century. Whereas other works have emphasized the integration of time through nineteenth-century railway networks, this article holds that science and the state combined to bring discipline to time well before the railway arrived. Central to this was a change in the way time was defined. During the late eighteenth- and early nineteenth centuries, in places such as Geneva, London, Berlin, and Paris, people stopped reckoning time by the sun and followed an independent standard defined by scientists. This article uses Berlin's experience with public clocks to show how this shift began within science and was completed only after city governments enforced it. It further argues that the Berlin government's role in defining time highlights a change in how knowledge was produced in late eighteenthcentury Europe. Science created new approaches to the world, but the state confirmed these approaches as knowledge. In this respect, the "discipline" in time discipline only became a fact, when science and the state defined the knowledge on which it was based. ; El presente artículo argumenta que el estudio moderno del tiempo es un producto del siglo XVIII. En tanto otros trabajos han enfatizado la integración del tiempo mediante las redes ferroviarias en el siglo XIX, este artículo sostiene que la ciencia y el estado se combinaron para dar disciplina al tiempo mucho antes que el ferrocarril llegase. El elemento fundamental del cambio se cifró en cómo se definía el tiempo. Al final del siglo XVIII e inicios del XIX, en ciudades como Ginebra, Londres, Berlín y París, las personas dejaron de calcular la hora a través de la posición del sol y siguieron un estándar definido por científicos. Este artículo usa la experiencia de Berlín con relojes públicos para demostrar como este cambio inició en la ciencia misma, y sólo se completó después que el gobierno de la ciudad lo volviera obligatorio. Se argumenta, además, que el papel desempeñado por el gobierno de Berlín en la definición del tiempo destaca un cambio en como el conocimiento científico se producía en la Europa de finales del siglo XVIII. La ciencia creó nuevas aproximaciones al mundo, pero fue el estado quien confirmó estas aproximaciones como conocimiento. A este respecto, la "disciplina" en la disciplina del tiempo sólo se convirtió en un hecho cuando ciencia y estado definieron el conocimiento en que se basaba.

The New England Watch and Ward Society provides a new window into the history of American Protestantism during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. By suppressing obscene literature, gambling, and prostitution, the moral reform organization embodied Protestant efforts to shape public morality in an increasing intellectually and culturally diverse society.

ABSTRACT:This article describes the creation of a new urban classification based on the 1891 census of England and Wales. It is the first attempt to use the recently available electronic version of the census (I-CeM) to classify all large towns in late Victorian England and Wales on their economic structure. Where previous scholars were restricted by the form of occupation data contained in the published census reports, I-CeM allows manipulation of the data in order to aggregate urban units and examine their occupational structures in great detail. The classification is then used to compare key socio-economic characteristics of different towns.

This paper explores certain regularities between social-structural and historical particulars. The particulars are drawn from the society and history of Brunei, an ancient Malay state in northwest Borneo. Since the center of my attention is theory, I shall merely refer the reader to my more extensive summary of the particulars in question.

La posición teórica de la autora integra la compasión y confianza como pilares esenciales de la moralidad, y al mismo tiempo, sostiene la centralidad de la idea liberal del ser individual, en el sentido kantiano de la dignidad de la persona. Valores como la compasión y la confianza son esenciales para la Globalización ya que proveen el contexto indispensable para que muchos grupos humanos interactúen con diferentes visiones del mundo. Tanto la compasión como la confianza están basadas en los aspectos esenciales de la vida moral. No obstante, estos dos principios de nuestra moralidad han sido sistemáticamente omitidos por importantes obras de la teoría política contemporánea. La tradición liberal contemporánea (Will Kymlicka, John Rawls, Jürgen Habermas) no incluye a estos valores como parte relevante de la teoría que busca construir un cuadro completo y humano de una sociedad bien ordenada y justa. Este trabajo también constituye una crítica de la Modernidad en como ésta relega al ámbito de lo privado, los esfuerzos para crear un entorno para que las personas puedan crecer como adultos compasivos. ; The author's theoretical position integrates trust and compassion as essential pillars of morality, while at the same time upholds the centrality of the liberal ideal of the individual self, the dignity of the individual person in the Kantian sense. Values like compassion and trust are essential for Globalization since they provide the background for several human groups interaction with different worldviews. Both compassion and trust are based on placing value on others —even distant and unknown others— and both are essential aspects of our moral life. Nevertheless, these two aspects of our morality have been systematically neglected by important works of contemporary political theory. Liberal tradition in contemporary debate (Will Kymlicka, John Rawls, Jürgen Habermas) does not include this values as relevant part of theory that intends to construct a complete and humane picture of a well ordered and just society. This work also constitutes a critique of Modernity in how it relegates to the private realm the efforts to create an environment that allows people to grow up as compassionate adults.

Noted author Sekai Nzenza-Shand discusses her own experience with clocks & modern timekeeping growing up in rural Zimbabwe. The efforts made by her father to implement a time-work discipline in the name of "civilization" had far reaching implications for her life. The demands of the clock superseded the more natural rhythms of her village. To "ignore the seasons & obey the clock" comes to symbolize the complex process of modernization & Westernization. K. W. Larsen

Intro -- Contents -- Preface* -- Introduction -- Chapter 1 -- Anglo-Saxon and Norman Police -- Chapter 2 -- Watch and Ward -- Chapter 3 -- Justice and Constable -- Chapter 4 -- Forest Police and Police in the Fifteenth Century -- Chapter 5 -- Commercial Police and Police Under the Tudors -- Chapter 6 -- Ecclesiastical Police and Police Under James I -- Chapter 7 -- Military Police and Police Under Charles II -- Chapter 8 -- Bow Street Police and Magisterial Reform -- Chapter 9 -- Parochial Police of the Eighteenth Century -- Chapter 10 -- Police at the Dawn of the Nineteenth Century -- Chapter 11 -- Pioneer Reformers -- Chapter 12 -- "The New Police" -- Chapter 13 -- Public Opposition to the "New Police" -- Chapter 14 -- Police Reform in Boroughs -- Chapter 15 -- Police Reform in Counties -- Chapter 16 -- Co-Operative Police and the Suppression of Riots -- Chapter 17 -- Police Statistics and Penology -- Chapter 18 -- Detective Police and the Right of Public Meeting -- Chapter 19 -- Conclusion -- Index -- Blank Page

The history of Swiss republicanism was memorably summed up by Orson Welles in the classic filmThe Third Man(1949): whereas the tumultuous and tyrannical politics of the Italian Renaissance produced a great cultural flourishing, Welles observed, "In Switzerland, they had brotherly love, they had five hundred years of democracy and peace, and what did that produce? The cuckoo clock." Suggestive as it may be, Welles's contrast is as misleading as it is memorable. The Swiss were a fearsome military power at the beginning of the sixteenth century, admired by no less a Florentine than Niccolò Machiavelli, but by the eighteenth century they were no longer capable of defending themselves, and they were summarily occupied by the armies of revolutionary France in 1798. The nature of Swiss democracy was long contested, and in 1847 the Swiss fought a civil war over it. Finally, it must be said, cuckoo clocks were invented in the Black Forest region, on the other side of the Alps. As we shall see, the success of the Swiss watchmaking industry does in fact deserve a place in the history of liberty, but Jean-Jacques Rousseau turns out to be a more helpful guide for understanding its significance.

This book presents the results of a synthetic analysis of archaeological reports dealing with aspects of the early prehistory of the Netherlands. The reports were produced in the context of development-led commercial archaeology over the past 10 to 15 years. The selected reports provided unbalanced coverage in terms of the representation of geographical regions, archaeological landscapes, and chronological and cultural attributions. This is due to differences in geological history, the nature of modern-day land use and spatial development, the nature of development-led fieldwork, the nature of political decision 7 — making, as well as archaeological conceptual constraints. Any synthetic analysis of data derived from these reports has to take these biasing factors into account, most particularly where it comes to interpretations with a geographical component or the reconstruction of long-term occupation histories. Notwithstanding these restrictions, the analysis allows for a critical evaluation of existing insights and ideas, as well as a (re)formulation of hypotheses for future research. Particular problems were encountered with regard to quantitative data, such as the mention of total numbers of (categories of) flint or pottery in the text, but no summary table; the use of vague quantitative terms (such as much, many, little), instead of exact numbers; or the provision of percentages without clear indication of sample or population size. Other types of problems concern issues of classification and subsequent presentation of data, the presentation of radiocarbon dates and the availability of primary data.