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Inflation rates of more than 3% in Germany during some months in the spring and summer of 2008 have been giving rise to claims from both politicians and the unions for social measures for welfare recipients. It is argued that the burden of inflation is heterogeneously distributed among different income groups. The reasoning behind this perception is that prices for food and energy increased disproportionately at that time and that low income households spend more on these goods in relative terms. We analyse data at the lowest level of aggregation publicly available (four-digit COICOP positions) taken from the most recent German sample survey of household income and expenditure in order to calculate income group specific price indices. Households' net income is divided into 13 groups ranging from less than €1,000 to more than €7,000. Numerous studies have found widely different inflation rates for different socio-economic groups. Although we find some variation, for the price indices as well as for the weighting schemes, the general inflation trend is almost the same, irrespective of the household's net income.

Introduction Government of Malaysia provides highly subsidised tax-funded public healthcare to its citizen. This is supplemented by other healthcare coverage such as private health insurance, civil servants' health benefits, employees' health benefits, and SOCSO, as well as the government specific health fund for the lower income groups. This study aimed to describe the supplementary financial coverage among the population in Malaysia. Having supplementary financial health coverage includes being covered to pay for healthcare services by: government guarantee letter, government-specific health fund, employee health benefit* , SOCSO; and personal health insurance. It does not include existing government subsidised-financing for health services in the publicsector. *Note: Employee health benefit includes panelclinic or hospital and employer-sponsored health insurance. Methodology We conducted secondary data analysis on all respondents from the National Health and Morbidity Survey 2019. This crosssectional household survey used a complex study design with a two-stage stratified cluster sampling. A total of 16,688 respondents living in non-institutional living quarters in Malaysia were interviewed faceto-face, using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive analysis was performed. Results [Refer to Report]. Discussion / Conclusion Half of the population had no supplementary financial coverage other than the subsidised healthcare coverage provided by the government. The public-private partnership for financial mechanism need to be strengthened to enable population access to both public and private sectors. This is necessary to lessen the burden on public sector, where majority of the population had high reliance on, which was exacerbated by long-standing issues of over-crowding and long waiting time.

Shelter is the third basic need of human beings after food and clothing. Everyone has a desire to own a house. Pakistan is a developing country and due to limited resources, is unable to fulfill the complete demand of shelter of the population. In the four provinces, different housing schemes are offered by the government but due to the scarcity of resources, they are not enough to satisfy people. Governments should introduce new housing schemes in each of the four provinces, other than the existing ones. Private sector should also help the government in this regard by constructing employee's colonies and deduct the nominal amount from their salaries, so that by the time of their retirement they become the owners of their houses. Descriptive statistics technique is used to analyze the housing schemes with the comparison of population accordingly in each province. Pakistan is an Islamic country and due to religious issues people are not in favor of availing financing facilities provided by conventional banks and HBFC. But after the establishment of Islamic banks up to some extent this issue has been slightly resolved. Islamic banks should introduce house financing facility to women on easy terms and then up to some extent, help the government to solve the problem of providing shelter to the population. Banking sectors should easy the procedure of house financing to increase the number of borrowers.

AbstractEmploying aggregate consumption data to test the consumption‐based capital asset pricing model (CCAPM) is likely to lead to a specification error since a significant portion of consumers live from paycheck‐to‐paycheck and, therefore, are constrained in their ability to intertemporally allocate consumption. Furthermore, these consumers lack the savings needed to directly influence an equilibrium between consumption expenditures and asset returns. Using consumption expenditures grouped by consumer income, this paper examines the issue of whether the CCAPM is more consistent with the consumption of unconstrained (high‐income) consumers as compared to constrained (low‐income) consumers. Several traditional methods of analyzing the CCAPM are explored utilizing five time series of consumption expenditures delineated by consumer income. This approach allows us to indirectly test whether liquidity constraints affect the CCAPM without imposing additional specification on the model. Overall, the tests fail to find any discernible patterns across income groups that are consistent with the idea that liquidity constraints bind lower income consumers.