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Abstract  In this paper a sampling scheme for selecting a sample of size two is formulated where the inclusion probability of a population unit is proportional to its size.

This paper has the main purpose to make a critical and balanced analysis about the potential of blockchain technology to face some of the great current socioeconomic challenges, being focus on impact assessment point of view, analyzing the disruptive potential of blockchain to provide solutions at level of different challenges as example, climate change, migrant movements, gender equality, financial inclusion or the cost opportunity of the management of data science. The term blockchain summary a numerous different type of system of distributed ledger, essentially, it is just a record distributed, a ledger of digital events that is distributed or shared among many different parts within an ecosystem (nodes), and chronological in a network. The technology is at an early stage and can be implemented in many ways depending on the objective. The methodological tool for the research is strategic and qualitative SWOT analysis identifying the critical success factors such internal factors (Strengthens and Weakness), and external factors (Opportunities and Threats), summarizes the arguments and counterarguments within the scientific discussion. From the bibliographic review carried out on the finding and disclosure provided by empirical research about business case studies, the research results summarized in the paper confirm that although looks difficulty of give a closed definition to variety of system under the umbrella of blockchain, among the main strengths of technology are its intrinsic characteristics, such as, its ability to store data immutably without relying on a central authority. As weakness, highlight the fact of the need of solve some non-minor inefficiencies as energy consumption and, as result, the difficulty to be scaled. It has the potential to replace the intermediary and central entities or change the way they works, allowing disintermediation and potentially empower people in trade, democratic participation, social interaction and financial inclusion, which represent great opportunities. Although, on the side of threats there is lack of knowledge about the technology, which generates resistance from regulators who are beginning to assess risks and are concerned about how new participants could cannibalize their income models. In addition, it seems clear the importance of assume the fact that the technological changes take time to develop and often require the adaptation of entire ecosystems.
Keywords: blockchain, decentralization, democratization, financial inclusion, socioeconomic challenges, tokem traceability, transparency, trust.

AbstractReference to gender in language can lead individuals to draw distinctions between genders and reinforce traditional views of gender roles. To test our hypothesis that language gender marking exerts an influence on the gender gap in financial inclusion, we draw on data for 117 countries in the World Bank's Global Findex database and perform logit estimations at the individual level. We find the gender gap in the probability of owning a formal account, having access to a formal credit, as well as having savings in a formal financial institution is higher for countries with gendered languages than for countries with genderless languages. These findings are confirmed in robustness checks that control for alternative measures of culture and estimations at the country level.

AbstractAlthough in recent years there has been a growth in banking services in Mexico, there is still a significant delay in terms of financial inclusion, which is also very uneven across municipalities. In this context, this paper analyses some of the factors that determine the probability of a municipality being financially included. The results show that financially included municipalities have a large number of inhabitants and high levels of income and education. The analysis also distinguishes between municipalities according to the region in which they are located and to their type of population. In general, rural and in transition municipalities are the least financially included, together with the municipalities located in the Sur region of the country. For these types of municipalities, results also show that both population and the Human Development Index (HDI) are important in determining the probability of being financially included. However, for urban municipalities, HDI is more important than the level of population as a factor influencing financial inclusion.

While online panels offer numerous advantages, they are often criticized for excluding the offline population. Therefore, some probability-based online panels have developed offline population inclusion strategies. Two dominant approaches prevail: providing internet equipment and offering an alternative survey participation mode. We investigate the impact of these approaches on two probability-based online panels in Germany: the German Internet Panel, which provides members of the offline population with internet equipment, and the GESIS Panel, which offers members of the offline population to participate via postal mail surveys. In addition, we explore the impact of offering an alternative mode only to non-internet users versus also offering the alternative mode to internet users who are unwilling to provide survey data online. Albeit lower recruitment and/or panel wave participation probabilities among offliners than onliners, we find that including the offline population has a positive long-term impact on sample accuracy in both panels. In the GESIS Panel, the positive impact is particularly strong when offering the alternative participation mode to non-internet users and internet users who are unwilling to provide survey data online.

Although financial inclusion has been of great concern to policymakers in the MENA region, its promotion poses major challenges for macroeconomic stability. Recent work studying financial inclusion in the MENA region has highlighted the importance of investigating the relationship between financial inclusion and key indicators of macroeconomic stability. In this research, we try to study the possible links between financial inclusion measured by the growth in the number of commercial bank branches (per 100,000 adults) and the number of Automated teller machines (per 100,000 adults) and indicators of macroeconomic stability, including the consumer price index, GDP per capita and the probability of banking system default. To do this, we estimate a Panel VAR model on a sample of 9 MENA zone countries over the period 2005-2016. Our work was based on the Granger test, impulse responses, variance decomposition and robustness test. Our results indicate the existence of causality between the variable of financial inclusion and the variables of inflation, economic growth and financial stability. We show that financial inclusion reduces the probability of default of the banking system and negatively impacts price stability and economic growth. Thus, the implications of our results in terms of economic policies will be oriented, on the one hand, towards increasing the bancarization rate so as to improve access to financial services in the MENA region and, on the other hand, towards economic policies aimed at maintaining price stability. ; Bien que l'inclusion financière ait pris, une grande préoccupation des décideurs politiques dans la région MENA, sa promotion pose des challenges majeurs au niveau de la stabilité macroéconomique. Les travaux récents étudiant l'inclusion financière dans la région MENA ont mis en évidence l'importance d'investiguer la relation entre l'inclusion financière et les indicateurs clés de la stabilité macroéconomique. Au niveau de cette recherche, nous essayons d'étudier les liens possibles entre l'inclusion financière mesurée par la croissance du nombre d'agences de banques commerciales (pour 100 000 adultes) et le nombre de guichets automatiques bancaires (par 100 000 adultes) et les indicateurs de la stabilité macroéconomique, notamment l'indice prix à la consommation, le PIB par habitant et la probabilité de défaut du système bancaire. Pour ce faire, nous estimons un modèle Panel VAR sur un échantillon de 9 pays de la zone MENA durant la période 2005-2016. Notre travail s'est basé sur le test de Granger, les réponses impulsionnelles, la décomposition de la variance et le test de robustesse. Nos résultats indiquent l'existence d'une causalité entre la variable de l'inclusion financière et les variables de l'inflation, la croissance économique et la stabilité financière. Nous montrons que l'inclusion financière réduit la probabilité de défaut du système bancaire et impacte négativement la stabilité des prix et la croissance économique. Ainsi, les implications de nos résultats en matière de politiques économiques vont s'orienter, d'une part, vers l'augmentation du taux de bancarisation pour améliorer l'accès aux services financiers dans la région MENA et, d'autre part, vers des politiques économiques visant à maintenir la stabilité des prix.

The world has reached the industry 4.0, where technological developments have been widely applied to electronic payment, with no exception on Muslim countries. This study aims to investigate association between sociodemographic and financial inclusion in country D-8 in the probability of using online financial transactions. Using The Global Findex 2017 from D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation included in OIC countries and the logistic regression, this study explores the effect of sociodemographic namely gender, education, income status and working status on online financial transactions users. Using control variables such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Inflation and Exchange reta, results show that, there is a gender imbalance between men and women in using online transaction to access formal services. On the other hand, individuals who have higher level of education, upper-middle income and high-income, and those who work are more financially inclusive in using online transaction. In conclusion, those with higher sociodemographic status are more likely to use online transaction to access formal financial services. The government and third parties can use this study as policy recommendations for expanding online transaction as well as financial inclusion in developing Muslim countries.

El objetivo del presente estudio es probar el efecto de la inclusión financiera en el nivel de cohesión social en los municipios de México. La metodología contempla la construcción de dos índices de inclusión financiera y la estimación de modelos probit, con información de 2010. Los resultados prueban estadísticamente la relación no lineal, en forma de campana, entre la inclusión financiera y la cohesión social en los municipios mexicanos, igualmente permiten observar la brecha existente entre los niveles de inclusión y aquellos que maximizarían la probabilidad de alcanzar una alta cohesión social municipal. Las principales limitaciones de la investigación fueron la carencia de una teoría consolidada sobre el fenómeno bajo análisis y la falta de información para algunas de las variables consideradas en la estimación. El estudio es el primero que revisa la relación entre la inclusión financiera y la cohesión social a nivel municipal para cualquier país, ambas variables presentes en los planes del actual gobierno mexicano. La inclusión financiera también está significando inclusión social en los municipios mexicanos, consolidar esta estrategia luce promisorio para el pueblo de México. ; The objective of this study is to prove the effect of financial inclusion on the level of social cohesion in Mexican municipalities. The methodology led to the elaboration of two financial inclusion indexes and the estimation of probit models, based on 2010 data. The results statistically prove the non-linear, bell-shaped relation between financial inclusion and social cohesion in Mexican municipalities, and allow to observe the existing gap between inclusion levels and those that would maximize the probability of reaching a high social cohesion at a municipal level. The main limitations of the investigation were the absence of a consolidated theory regarding the analyzed phenomenon, and the lack of information for some of the variables that were considered in the estimation. This study is the first one to elaborate on the relation between financial inclusion and social cohesion at a municipal level for any country, two variables that are present in the Mexican government's current plans. Financial inclusion also means social inclusion for the municipalities, so the consolidation of this strategy seems promising for the Mexican people.

Malapportionment doubly penalizes people from relatively large electoral districts or constituencies by under-representing them in the legislature and in the political executive or cabinet. The latter effect has not been studied. This article develops theoretical reasons for large constituency disadvantage in the cabinet formation process, and tests them using a new repeated cross-sectional dataset on elections and cabinet formation in India's states, from 1977–2007. A one-standard-deviation increase in relative constituency size is associated with a 22 per cent fall in the probability of a constituency's representative being in the cabinet. Malapportionment affects cabinet inclusion by causing large parties to focus on winning relatively small constituencies. These effects are likely to hold in parliamentary systems, and in other contexts where the legislature influences cabinet inclusion.

In the paper, we consider the following problem: Let {πk} be a sequence satisfying 0πkΣ1 (k=1,…, N) and π=n.Tben, is there an unordered sampling design such that, for each k=1,…N, the inclusion probability of unit k is equal to π? It is shown that it can be solved by the straightforward application of the Minkowski‐Farkas theorem.

Purpose: The used of an integrated academic information system in higher education has been proven in improving quality education which results to generates enormous data that can be used to discover new knowledge through data mining concepts, techniques, and machine learning algorithm. This study aims to determine a predictive model to learn students' probability to pass their courses taken at the earliest stage of the semester. Method: To successfully discover a good predictive model with high acceptability, accurate, and precision rate which delivers a useful outcome for decision making in education systems, in improving the processes of conveying knowledge and uplifting student's academic performance, the proponent applies and strictly followed the CRISP-DM (Cross-Industry Standard Process for Data Mining) methodology. This study employs classification for data mining techniques, and decision tree for algorithm. Results: With the utilization of the newly discovered predictive model, the prediction of students' probabilities to pass the current courses they take gives 0.7619 accuracy, 0.8333 precision, 0.8823 recall, and 0.8571 f1 score, which shows that the model used in the prediction is reliable, accurate, and recommendable. Conclusion: Considering the indicators and the results, it can be noted that the prediction model used in this study is highly acceptable. The data mining techniques provides effective and efficient innovative tools in analyzing and predicting student performances. The model used in this study will greatly affect the way educators understand and identify the weakness of their students in the class, the way they improved the effectiveness of their learning processes gearing to their students, bring down academic failure rates, and help institution administrators modify their learning system outcomes. Recommendations: Full automation of prediction results accessible by the students, faculty, and institution administrators for fast management decision making should take place. Further study for the inclusion of some student`s demographic information, vast amount of data within the dataset, automated and manual process of predictive criteria indicators where the students can regulate to which criteria, they must improve more for them to pass their courses taken at the end of the semester as early as midterm period are highly needed.