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There is a contradiction at the heart of our current understanding of individual and collective mobility patterns. On the one hand, a highly infuential body of literature on human mobility driven by analyses of massive empirical datasets fnds that human movements show no evidence of characteristic spatial scales. There, human mobility is described as scale free 1–3 . On the other hand, geographically, the concept of scale—referring to meaningful levels of description from individual buildings to neighbourhoods, cities, regions and countries—is central for the description of various aspects of human behaviour, such as socioeconomic interactions, or political and cultural dynamics 4,5 . Here we resolve this apparent paradox by showing that day-to-day human mobility does indeed contain meaningful scales, corresponding to spatial 'containers' that restrict mobility behaviour. The scale-free results arise from aggregating displacements across containers. We present a simple model—which given a person's trajectory—infers their neighbourhood, city and so on, as well as the sizes of these geographical containers. We fnd that the containers—characterizing the trajectories of more than 700,000 individuals—do indeed have typical sizes. We show that our model is also able to generate highly realistic trajectories and provides a way to understand the diferences in mobility behaviour across countries, gender groups and urban–rural areas.

When movement cannot be avoided, adaptation measures can help people to move voluntarily and with dignity long before a crisis situation occurs. National Adaptation Plans (NAP) can play an important role in achieving this by incorporating human mobility within regional climate change strategies. The national adaptation planning process provides an opportunity to ensure that migration, displacement and planned relocation are fully addressed, as both potential challenges and potential opportunities. Human mobility is relevant to adaptation planning in the sense of seeking to avoid displacement or migration that erodes human welfare where there is a discernible risk of it arising as a result of the effects of climate change. NAPs are new and have yet to be developed and submitted. It is advisable that NAPs be developed through processes that are participatory and transparent, and also be gender-sensitive; governments should also take into account, when appropriate, traditional and indigenous knowledge. Adapted from the source document.

Human mobility plays an important role in many domains of today's society, such as security, logistics, transportation, urban planning, and geo-marketing. Both, government and industry thus have great interest in understanding mobility patterns and their driving social, economical, and environmental causes and effects. While stakeholders had to rely on manual traffic surveys for a long time, improvements in tracking technology made analyses based on large digital datasets possible. Recently, the omnipresence of mobile devices significantly increased the amounts of collected movement and context data. People are willing to reveal their position, but also further personal details such as visited places, observations, events, news, and sentiments in exchange for personalized services and social networking. This opens up new possibilities for many domains where a semantic mobility understanding is required but also raises major challenges. To reveal a holistic picture, heterogeneous datasets of different services with different resolution and format have to be fused and analyzed. However, social sensing data is vast, has varying scale, is unevenly distributed, and constantly updated. Especially content from social media services is often inconsistent, unreliable, and incomplete, which requires special treatment. Fully automatic mapping approaches are not trustworthy as they do not take into account these uncertainties. At the same time, manual approaches become insufficient with large amounts of data. Even when data is perfectly aligned, analysts cannot purely rely on existing techniques. Answering questions about reasons for movement requires a broader perspective that takes into account environmental and social context, the driving forces for human mobility behavior. Visual analytics is an emerging research field to tackle such challenges. It creates added value by combining the processing power and accuracy of machines with human capabilities to perceive information visually. Automatic means are used to fuse and aggregate data and to detect hidden patterns therein. Interactive visualizations allow to explore and query the data and to steer the automatic processes with domain knowledge. This increases trust in data, models, and results, which is especially important when critical decisions need to be made. The strengths of visual analytics have been shown to be particularly advantageous when problems and goals are underspecified and exploratory means are needed to discover yet unknown patterns. This thesis presents novel visual analytics approaches to derive meaning and reasons behind movement, by taking into account the aforementioned characteristics. The approaches are aligned in a holistic process model covering all steps from data retrieval, enrichment, exploration, and verification to externalization of gained knowledge for various fields of application such as electric mobility, event management, and law enforcement. It is shown how data from social media can not only be used to retrieve up-to-date movement information, but also to enrich movement trajectories from other sources with structured and unstructured information about places, events, transactions, and other observations. Through highly interactive visual interfaces analysts can bring in domain knowledge to deal with uncertainties during data fusion and to steer the subsequent semantic analysis. Exploratory and confirmatory analysis techniques are presented to create hypotheses, refine them, and find support in the data. Analysts can discover routines and abnormal behavior with assistance of automatic pattern detection methods to cope with the vast amounts of data. Spatial drill-down is supported by a set-based focus+context technique, while a more abstract visual query language allows to explicitly formulate, extract, and query for movement patterns. The approaches are applied in different scenarios and are integrated in a visual analytics system. Evaluation with experts and novice users, case studies, and comparisons to ground truth data reveal the need and effectiveness of the contributions. Overall, the thesis contributes a visual analytics process for human mobility behavior with novel semantic analysis approaches, ranging from global movements of many to local activities of a few people, for a wide range of application domains.

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Elizabeth Ferris' review of research on environmental change and human mobility in this colloquium points to the important role that development actors play in identifying potential solutions for affected persons. She mentions in particular the work of the World Bank's Climate Change Group and the Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development (KNOMAD). Such mobility is indeed a critical issue from a development perspective, as reflected in the Sustainable Development Goals. Goals 10.7. and 13 encourage states to 'facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people' and demand 'urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts', with a focus on enhancing mitigation, adaptation, and disaster risk reduction practices. The World Bank's development goals of eradicating extreme poverty and boosting shared prosperity further recognize the need to build capacity in these areas.

Academic discussion of climate‑related human mobility has understandably focused on the places where people are especially vulnerable to climate‑related harm: the Global South. Yet, the unique biophysical, legal and socio‑political characteristics of the Nordic region, as well as its roles as both 'home' and 'host' to climate‑related mobilities, justify its independent attention. Filling this lacuna, this collection is the first to address climate‑related human mobility in the Nordic region. It is a timely and much needed collection, which brings together leading and emerging voices from both academia and practice in a single volume, spanning policy and geographical breadth. Its chapters cover both regional approaches to the global phenomenon of climate mobility, such as the traditional role of the Nordic states as norm entrepreneurs and their representation in multilateral fora, and on‑the‑ground climate impacts unique to this region and their localised responses. Case studies include judicial decision‑making as it relates to climate‑related migration, insights into the local communication of climate risk, changes to Nordic development and climate policy, as well as climate‑related mobilities of Nordic Indigenous Peoples. This volume will be of great interest to students and scholars of disaster and climate studies, as well as climate‑related mobility, migration and displacement.