Suchergebnisse

Few longitudinal studies link agricultural biodiversity, land use and food access in rural landscapes. In this paper, we test the hypothesis that, in a context of economic change, cash crop expansion is associated with deforestation, reduced agrobiodiversity and changes in food access. For this purpose, we analysed data collected from the same 53 upland and floodplain mestizo households in Ucayali, Peru, in 2000 and 2015. We found an emerging transition towards less diversified food access coupled with loss of forest cover and reduced agricultural biodiversity. In 2015, diets appeared to rely on fewer food groups, fewer food items, and on products increasingly purchased in the market compared to 2000. Wild fruits and plants were mentioned, but rarely consumed. Agricultural production systems became more specialised with a shift towards commercial crops. Peak deforestation years in the 15-year period appeared linked with incentives for agricultural expansion. Our results suggest an overall trend from diversified productive and "extractive" systems and more diverse food access, towards specialized productive systems, with less diverse food access and stronger market orientation (both in production and consumption). The assumption in the food and agricultural sciences that increased income and market-orientation is linked to improved food security, is challenged by our integrated analyses of food access, agrobiodiversity, land use and forest cover. Our results highlight the importance of longitudinal, multidimensional, systemic analyses, with major implications for land use, food and health policies. The potential risks of parallel homogenisation of diets and agricultural production systems require interdisciplinary research and policies that promote integrated landscape approaches for sustainable and inclusive food systems.

The recent boom in quinoa cultivation provides many lessons for an agroecological transition that enhances agricultural biodiversity. Looking at the effects of quinoa expansion, this article analyses how to protect peasant varieties, support free and fair flow of germplasm and engage in new ways of doing research.

Chenopodium quinoa Willd., a high quality grain crop, is resistant to abiotic stresses (drought, cold, and salt) and offers an optimal source of protein. Quinoa represents a symbol of crop genetic diversity across the Andean region. In recent years, this crop has undergone a major expansion outside its countries of origin. The activities carried out within the framework of the International Year of Quinoa provided a great contribution to raise awareness on the multiple benefits of quinoa as well as to its wider cultivation at the global level. FAO is actively involved in promoting and evaluating the cultivation of quinoa in 26 countries outside the Andean region with the aim to strengthen food and nutrition security. The main goal of this research is to evaluate the adaptability of selected quinoa genotypes under different environments outside the Andean region. This paper presents the preliminary results from nine countries. Field evaluations were conducted during 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 in Asia (Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan), and the Near East and North African countries (Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Iran, Lebanon, Mauritania, and Yemen). In each country, the trials were carried out in different locations that globally represent the diversity of 19 agrarian systems under different agro-ecological conditions. Twenty-one genotypes of quinoa were tested using the same experimental protocol in all locations consisting in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. Some genotypes showed higher yields and the Q18 and Q12 landraces displayed greater adaptation than others to new environmental conditions. The Q21 and Q26 landraces were evaluated with stable and satisfactory levels of yield (>1 t.ha−1) in each of the different trial sites. This production stability is of considerable importance especially under climate change uncertainty. While these results suggest that this Andean crop is able to grow in many different environments, social, and cultural considerations remain crucial regarding its possible introduction as a staple food in new cropping systems around the world.

Le Burkina Faso est un pays sahélien enclavé dont l'économie repose principalement sur l'agriculture et l'élevage qui contribuent pour plus de 30 % à la formation du PIB et occupent plus de 80 % de la population active. L'élevage contribue pour plus de 10 % au PIB. La part des produits animaux, cuirs et peaux compris, dans la valeur des exportations est d'environ 26 % (en 1995) ; plaçant ainsi l'élevage au second rang des recettes d'exportations après le coton. Malgré cette contribution appréciable de l'élevage dans l'économie nationale, notre pays est importateur net de lait et de produits laitiers pour faire face à la demande intérieure. La valeur des importations s'est élevée en 1998 à 9 milliards F CFA. En dépit de ces importations massives la consommation actuelle est de 18 kg d'équivalent lait/habitant/an et est loin de la norme internationale qui est de 75 kg d'équivalent - lait/habitant/an. L'élevage traditionnel comprend 80 à 90 % du cheptel bovin et assure l'essentiel de la production laitière qui est saisonnière. Les fluctuations saisonnières ont une forte influence sur le prix de vente du litre de lait. Ainsi, il varie entre 100 F et 600 F CFA selon la localité et selon la saison. A long terme, le Gouvernement se fixe pour objectif de réduire de moitié le volume des importations de lait et de produits laitiers. Cette volonté politique se manifeste à travers, - l'élection, en juin 1997, du Ministère Délégué Chargé des Ressources Animales en Ministère plein, - L'adoption en novembre 1997, d'une Note d'Orientation de la Politique de développement du Secteur-Elevage au Burkina Faso; l'élaboration en cours du plan d'action du secteur élevage, - la création du Fonds de développement de l'élevage (FODEL); - la mise en oeuvre, avec l'appui de l'Union Européenne (7ème FED) du Programme National Pilote de Développement Laitier (PNPDL), - l'organisation en juin 1998, d'un atelier de réflexion sur la politique laitière au Burkina Faso sous l'égide du PNPDL. La présente communication fait l'économie des grandes conclusions de cet atelier et s'articule autour de deux points. - situation de la filière lait, - perspectives de développement de la filière lait.

Background: Biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are small hematophagous insects responsible for the transmission of bluetongue virus, Schmallenberg virus and African horse sickness virus to wild and domestic ruminants and equids. Outbreaks of these viruses have caused economic damage within the European Union. The spatio-temporal distribution of biting midges is a key factor in identifying areas with the potential for disease spread. The aim of this study was to identify and map areas of neglectable adult activity for each month in an average year. Average monthly risk maps can be used as a tool when allocating resources for surveillance and control programs within Europe. Methods : We modelled the occurrence of C. imicola and the Obsoletus and Pulicaris ensembles using existing entomological surveillance data from Spain, France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Poland. The monthly probability of each vector species and ensembles being present in Europe based on climatic and environmental input variables was estimated with the machine learning technique Random Forest. Subsequently, the monthly probability was classified into three classes: Absence, Presence and Uncertain status. These three classes are useful for mapping areas of no risk, areas of high-risk targeted for animal movement restrictions, and areas with an uncertain status that need active entomological surveillance to determine whether or not vectors are present. Results: The distribution of Culicoides species ensembles were in agreement with their previously reported distribution in Europe. The Random Forest models were very accurate in predicting the probability of presence for C. imicola (mean AUC = 0.95), less accurate for the Obsoletus ensemble (mean AUC = 0.84), while the lowest accuracy was found for the Pulicaris ensemble (mean AUC = 0.71). The most important environmental variables in the models were related to temperature and precipitation for all three groups. Conclusions: The duration periods with low or null adult activity can be derived from the associated monthly distribution maps, and it was also possible to identify and map areas with uncertain predictions. In the absence of ongoing vector surveillance, these maps can be used by veterinary authorities to classify areas as likely vector-free or as likely risk areas from southern Spain to northern Sweden with acceptable precision. The maps can also focus costly entomological surveillance to seasons and areas where the predictions and vector-free status remain uncertain.

L'objectif de ce séminaire était de mettre en commun un certain nombre d'expériences de pays africains, méditerranéens et latino-américains ayant mis en oeuvre des programmes d'ajustement structurel, et de tirer de cette confrontation des conclusions sur la manière d'aborder le problème de l'ouverture des économies et sur son impact sur les différents secteurs productifs. Après une série d'étude de cas dans différents pays, la création de trois groupes de travail permettant d'approfondir certains thèmes de réflexion (rôle de l'Etat, dynamique de l'ajustement, besoins en informations pour l'évaluation ex ante de l'impact des PAS) est proposée. En annexe figurent les textes présentés lors de ce séminaire

West Africa is one of the regions the most concerned with structural food and nutrition security. Consequently, agricultural development pathways and scenarios are under high scientific and political scrutiny in this region. Rice, as a rapidly growing staple plays a key role in the West African diet representing close to 40% of the total volume of cereal consumed in the region. In the context of the 2008 food price crisis several West African countries have since proclaimed rice self-sufficiency as a target. Here, we show that rice yields tend to be, on average over the entire region, less stable (by a range of 15%–30%) than that of alternative crops, possibly substitutable in diets. The regions where yields of alternative crops are more stable than those of rice correspond to the main climatic regions where these crops are grown: sorghum, millet in the Sahelian and Sudanian regions and tubers in the Guinean region. Rice yields are significantly less stable for 33% of the comparisons considered and are significantly more stable than any alternative crop for 15% of the comparisons in few areas without clear longitudinal patterns. Models accounting for climate variability explain up to 17% of the variance of the data and reveal that yield variability differences between rice and alternative crops tends to widen in the areas where the monsoon precipitation is more variable between-years. The highest levels of variability of rice yields compared to alternative crops are recorded in regions where the monsoon varies strongly between years. Our analysis advocates for an explicit account of yield stability in West African rice expansion scenarios and supply strategies.

Aim To examine the different uses and perceptions of introduced Australian acacias (wattles; Acacia subgenus Phyllodineae) by rural households and communities. Location Eighteen landscape-scale case studies around the world, in Vietnam, India, Re´union, Madagascar, South Africa, Congo, Niger, Ethiopia, Israel, France, Portugal, Brazil, Chile, Dominican Republic and Hawai'i. Methods Qualitative comparison of case studies, based on questionnaire sent to network of acacia researchers. Information based on individual knowledge of local experts, published and unpublished sources. Results We propose a conceptual model to explain current uses and perceptions of introduced acacias. It highlights historically and geographically contingent processes, including economic development, environmental discourses, political context, and local or regional needs. Four main groupings of case studies were united by similar patterns: (1) poor communities benefiting from targeted agroforestry projects; (2) places where residents, generally poor, take advantage of a valuable resource already present in their landscape via plantation and/or invasion; (3) regions of small and mid-scale tree farmers participating in the forestry industry; and (4) a number of high-income communities dealing with the legacies of former or niche use of introduced acacia in a context of increased concern over biodiversity and ecosystem services. Main conclusions Economic conditions play a key role shaping acacia use. Poorer communities rely strongly on acacias (often in, or escaped from, formal plantations) for household needs and, sometimes, for income. Middle-income regions more typically host private farm investments in acacia woodlots for commercialization. Efforts at control of invasive acacias must take care to not adversely impact poor dependent communities.

Nous introduisons les concepts de forums hybrides (ou socio-technique), et décrivons la philosophie sous jacente et la mise en oeuvre d'une des composantes, c.a.d. une plateforme internet pour le partage de connaissances avec la société civile. Nous analysons les résultats après la première année d'opération. Le site http://sahel.info est un portail inspiré des forums en ligne populaires et est construit autour d'un gestionnaire de contenu gratuit appelé Coranto. En 2004 nous avons mis en ligne 124 éléments d'actualité sur les politiques, 1' économie, la recherche/universités, et les zones rurales du Sahel. Nous avons seulement enregistré le site sur le moteur de recherche Google et ne l'avons pas publicisé, et cependant il a été visité par plus de 1000 personnes différentes qui ont consulté 8500 pages (1000/mois) et voté 1200 fois au total (c.a.d. donné leur appréciation sur les articles). L'analyse des informations les plus (ou moins) consultées ou appréciées permet de cibler les thèmes d'intérêt pour les projets de recherche et de développement comme le DMP. Maintenant que la phase de prototypage est complétée nous allons pouvoir publiciser le site et attirer de nouveaux éditeurs. Le site http://dmp.sahel.info , basé sur la même plateforme que Sahel info, permet de partager les résultats et les informations spécifiques au DMP.

Unravelling the dynamics of land-use change is key to assess the environmental and socioeconomic impacts of land-based strategies regarding climate or energy. In this prospect, this paper proposes an analytical decomposition of land-use change resulting from a shock in agricultural demand which takes into account indirect effects from price signals. This analytical equation is numerically estimated using a global model of land-use combining biophysics and economics. While being relatively simple, this model captures the main processes of land-use change: change in the intensive and extensive margins, international trade, change in intermediary demand and possible by-products. At the global scale, our results show that yield losses due to the conversion of marginal land amount approximately to half of yield gains due to fertiliser use. At the regional scale, patterns of yield and area responses are depicted by assessing the potentials for intensification (yield gaps) and extensification (areas of extensive pastures) given the future pathways of agricultural demand.

Background: Biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are vectors of bluetongue virus (BTV), African horse sickness virus and Schmallenberg virus (SBV). Outbreaks of both BTV and SBV have affected large parts of Europe. The spread of these diseases depends largely on vector distribution and abundance. The aim of this analysis was to identify and quantify major spatial patterns and temporal trends in the distribution and seasonal variation of observed Culicoides abundance in nine countries in Europe. Methods: We gathered existing Culicoides data from Spain, France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Poland. In total, 31,429 Culicoides trap collections were available from 904 ruminant farms across these countries between 2007 and 2013. Results: The Obsoletus ensemble was distributed widely in Europe and accounted for 83% of all 8,842,998 Culicoides specimens in the dataset, with the highest mean monthly abundance recorded in France, Germany and southern Norway. The Pulicaris ensemble accounted for only 12% of the specimens and had a relatively southerly and easterly spatial distribution compared to the Obsoletus ensemble. Culicoides imicola Kieffer was only found in Spain and the southernmost part of France. There was a clear spatial trend in the accumulated annual abundance from southern to northern Europe, with the Obsoletus ensemble steadily increasing from 4000 per year in southern Europe to 500,000 in Scandinavia. The Pulicaris ensemble showed a very different pattern, with an increase in the accumulated annual abundance from 1600 in Spain, peaking at 41,000 in northern Germany and then decreasing again toward northern latitudes. For the two species ensembles and C. imicola, the season began between January and April, with later start dates and increasingly shorter vector seasons at more northerly latitudes. Conclusion: We present the first maps of seasonal Culicoides abundance in large parts of Europe covering a gradient from southern Spain to northern Scandinavia. The identified temporal trends and spatial patterns are useful for planning the allocation of resources for international prevention and surveillance programmes in the European Union.

Les principaux pays exportateurs de produits agricoles utilisent, depuis de nombreuses années, des instruments pour développer leurs exportations. Ces outils peuvent prendre des formes diverses: - subventions à l'exportation, - crédits et garanties de crédits à l'exportation, - entreprises commerciales d'Etat, - monopole privé. Lors des négociations de l'Accord Agricole de I'OMC, qui a été adopté en 1994, les pays parties prenantes ont décidé de mettre en place des disciplines sur les subventions à l'exportation, jugées comme ayant des effets distorsifs sur les marchés mondiaux des produits agricoles. Depuis la renégociation de l'Accord agricole de I'OMC, débutée le 1er janvier 2000, la question des subventions à l'exportation est un des points-clés des discussions. [.] L'aide alimentaire peut être une réponse aux situations d'insécurité alimentaire. Cependant, si elle est indispensable dans les situations d'urgence, l'aide alimentaire en nature peut être vue comme un moyen utilisé par les pays donateurs pour diminuer leurs excédents agricoles, et qui présente des impacts négatifs sur les marchés agricoles des pays récipiendaires. En vue de confirmer ou d'infirmer ces appréciations sur les effets des mesures de soutien à l'exportation et de l'aide alimentaire, cette étude vise à répondre à la question suivante: quel est l'impact réel des mesures de soutien à l'exportation et de l'aide alimentaire des principaux exportateurs sur la sécurité alimentaire des populations dans les pays destinataires ? Cette question, complexe, se décline à plusieurs niveaux; marché international, mais aussi niveaux national et local, dans les pays d'origine comme dans les pays destinataires. Pour y répondre, il s'agit de croiser une analyse de l'impact des mesures étudiées sur les marchés mondiaux, et des études de cas réalisées dans des pays déterminées. Ce rapport est structuré en trois parties distinctes: 1. La première partie présente les aspects méthodologiques: revue de la littérature, questions posées et méthodes pour y répondre, détermination du champ de l'étude (produits, mesures, pays exportateurs, et choix des pays pour les études de cas). 2. La seconde partie est une analyse de l'impact des mesures de soutien à l'exportation sur les marchés mondiaux. Elle s'articule autour des produits étudiés. 3. La troisième partie présente l'analyse des interactions entre les importations, l'aide alimentaire, la production et la consommation pour chacun des produits dans les pays étudiés.

Il y avait foule cette année à l'occasion des Rencontres EURODOM. Outre les dossiers sectoriels tels que la banane ou le sucre, une grande part des débats a concerné la nouvelle politique d'appui de l'Union Européenne envers ses sept Régions Ultrapériphériques (RUP).

This year's Rencontres EURODOM were very well attended. In addition to sector subjects such as banana and sugar, a large proportion of the discussions concerned the new EU policy of support for its seven 'outermost regions' (ORs).

Evaluating land use policies presents great difficulties. To understand the stakes of land use policies, this study builds on a review of land use policies in selected case studies in seven countries (Tunisia, Kenya, India, China, Mali, Indonesia, Brazil). A total of seventy-four policies were identified in all the seven countries and were characterized with a common template. A typology of land use policies has been defined and applied. The different types of land use policies reflect different conceptions of development that we have characterized by several myths: the myth of the market, the myth of state control on natural resources and the myth of self-management.