Suchergebnisse

Las negociaciones comerciales bilaterales entre la Unión Europea y el MERCOSUR (Argentina, Brasil, Paraguay y Uruguay) empezaron en el 1995. Después de una primera fase de diálogo a nivel político, los dos bloques iniciaron en el 2001, las negociaciones sobre los bienes y servicios a incluir en el proceso de liberalización comercial, en cuyo marco se ha definido una primera lista de productos sensibles y en la cual los productos agrícolas tienen un lugar central. En ese contexto, el análisis comparativo de las políticas agrícolas de ambos bloques es de absoluta relevancia para entender la posición negociadora de cada uno, dado que las mismas se sustentan en los objetivos de política agrícola de cada socio y el tipo de instrumento utilizado para alcanzarlos. El presente trabajo retoma diversos estudios existentes sobre el tema y desarrolla el análisis bajo dos ángulos específicos: (i) por una parte, abarca la política agrícola en todas sus dimensiones, considerando con detenimiento los aspectos comerciales (acceso a mercados y medidas relacionadas con las exportaciones), pero haciendo también énfasis en las políticas de apoyo interno a la agricultura; (ii) por otra, se ubica en la perspectiva de las negociaciones bilaterales de libre comercio UE-MERCOSUR para identificar las medidas de política más relevantes para la negociación. El análisis desarrollado en este trabajo se sustenta en la información acumulada a lo largo del estudio por el IICA, la CEPAL y el CIRAD y lo aportado por la REDPA2, la que ha sido sistematizada en una base de datos desarrollada en la CEPAL.

The nature of the relationship between the European Union (EU) and Africa is in permanent evolution. Historically, the EU mostly dominated the relationship while Africa developed adaptive/reactive strategies. With the establishment of new powers as well as efforts to decolonise the thought and practise of North-South interactions, it is crucial to understand what the future of the relationship could be. The purpose of this paper is to draw lessons from the "Broadening the debate on EU-Africa relations" workshop whose aim was to advance perspectives on EU-Africa relations from the point of view of African scholars. The process consisted of identifying major influential factors in the relationship and assessing what role they played in the past and what role they could play in the future. The results indicate a decline of the importance of EU-dominated factors and the emergence of African agency related factors. We interpret these results as a transformation of this relationship, using the concept "post-normal" to highlight indeterminacy, insolvability and irreversibility as the new context. Implications are discussed regarding the type of research that needs to be developed in order to further investigate this transformation, particularly the meaning of a shifting focus from (normal times) EU-Africa relationship to (post-normal times) Africa-EU relationships.

Animal health surveillance enables the detection and control of animal diseases including zoonoses. Under the EU-FP7 project RISKSUR, a survey was conducted in 11 EU Member States and Switzerland to describe active surveillance components in 2011 managed by the public or private sector and identify gaps and opportunities. Information was collected about hazard, target population, geographical focus, legal obligation, management, surveillance design, risk-based sampling, and multi-hazard surveillance. Two countries were excluded due to incompleteness of data. Most of the 664 components targeted cattle (26·7%), pigs (17·5%) or poultry (16·0%). The most common surveillance objectives were demonstrating freedom from disease (43·8%) and case detection (26·8%). Over half of components applied risk-based sampling (57·1%), but mainly focused on a single population stratum (targeted risk-based) rather than differentiating between risk levels of different strata (stratified risk-based). About a third of components were multi-hazard (37·3%). Both risk-based sampling and multi-hazard surveillance were used more frequently in privately funded components. The study identified several gaps (e.g. lack of systematic documentation, inconsistent application of terminology) and opportunities (e.g. stratified risk-based sampling). The greater flexibility provided by the new EU Animal Health Law means that systematic evaluation of surveillance alternatives will be required to optimize cost-effectiveness.

The purposes of this paper are twofold (i) to evaluate changes in welfare gains and their distribution due to trade liberalization when imperfect labor markets are considered, (ii) to evaluate the impact of the recent reforms of European agricultural policy on the world welfare. The results of two versions of a dynamic world computable genaral equilibrium (CGE) model, usign the GTAP database version 6 are compared. In the first version, a standard world CGE approach is followed by perfect labor mobility across sectors. In the second version we assume that labor shift s freely within the aggregated sectors -agriculture, manufactures, services,- but not across them. After a brief description of the two versions, changes in welfare, represented not only by the world GDP but also by the consumption level of two types of household (middle-low and middle-high) in 7 regions (Brazil, China, India, Least developed countries, European Union, United States, Rest of the World) after partial trade liberalization are presented. Theoretical and political consequences of the results are discussed. .French Abstract : Cet article a un double objectif (i) évaluer les modifications des gains de la libéralisation lorsque certaines imperfections des marchés du travail sont prises en compte, (ii) quantifier les impacts des réformes récentes de la Politique Agricole Commune. Deux versions d'un modèle mondial d'équilibre général, utilisant la base de données GTAP (version 6), sont utilisées à cet effet : dans la première l'hypothèse standard de mobilité parfaite du travail entre secteurs est adoptée, alors que dans la seconde on suppose que si le travail se déplace librement à l'intérieur de secteurs agrégés (agriculture, manufactures, services), il ne peut passer de l'un à l'autre. Après une brève description des principales caractéristiques des deux versions du modèle, les résultats obtenus dans des scénarii de libéralisation partielle, pour 7 régions du monde (Brésil, Chine, Inde, PMA, UE, USA, RDM) et deux types de ménages (riches ...

Les agriculteurs européens sont historiquement organisés au sein d'une instance transnationale à vocation générale, le COPA, et de plusieurs associations spécialisées de secteur. Depuis la fin des années 1980, la PAC a connu de profondes transformations et la place des agriculteurs dans la gestion de la politique agricole a également évoluée. Quelles sont, dans ce contexte, les prérogatives de ces différents groupes d'intérêt transnationaux ? Comment cohabitent-ils ? L'enquête montre d'une part comment, depuis le tournant néolibéral des années 1980, l'instance transnationale à vocation générale rencontre des difficultés importantes à faire émerger des compromis solides entre l'ensemble des agriculteurs européens. Cette tendance va de pair avec une autonomisation des associations spécialisées transnationales. En comparant deux secteurs agricoles, le secteur du tabac et de la betterave, l'article montre toutefois que la disjonction entre le COPA et les associations spécialisées transnationales dépend des capacités organisationnelles de ces dernières et de leur proximité avec les instances décisionnelles européennes.

Madagascar has a tradition of agricultural trade (coffee, vanilla, cloves). In the 90s, the country started developing non-traditional exports, such as lychees, to the European Union (EU), thereby generating substantial cash revenues for small producers. In 2005, access to the EU market became more difficult, due to more stringent quality requirements and to the growing use of the private retailer standard GlobalGAP. Whereas the empirical literature on private standards presents GlobalGAP either as a success story or a threat for small producers, the case of Madagascar exhibits a specific dynamics: after booming in 2007, GlobalGAP is actually collapsing. The aim of this article is to disentangle the mechanisms of this evolution and to draw some conclusions regarding market access enhancement through private standards. This work is based on semi-structured interviews carried out with all stakeholders of the export chain, government agencies and programs supporting lychee production and on weekly data on lychee trade flows (2001-2010). Using a global value chain approach, we first show the importance of the chain structure: importers are identified as lead-firms (conversely to most studies dealing with private certification) in an environment characterized by low competition at the international level. We then evaluate the role of donors and trade facilitators in the promotion of GlobalGAP. After giving evidence for the collapse of GlobalGAP, we assess what is left of the GlobalGap procurement system once it has been abandoned: stabilization of the relationship between exporters and producers and thus enhanced traceability, upgrading of private marketing infrastructures, improved management discipline. We conclude that in the Madagascar lychee chain, although GlobalGAP had little impact on market access, its implementation produced beneficial side-effects for small producers.

European cropping systems are often characterized by short rotations or even monocropping, leading to environmental issues such as soil degradation, water eutrophication, and air pollution including greenhouse gas emissions, that contribute to climate change and biodiversity loss. The use of diversification practices (i.e., intercropping, multiple cropping including cover cropping and rotation extension), may help enhance agrobiodiversity and deliver ecosystem services while developing new value chains. Despite its benefits, crop diversification is hindered by various technical, organizational, and institutional barriers along value chains (input industries, farms, trading and processing industries, retailers, and consumers) and within sociotechnical systems (policy, research, education, regulation and advisory). Six EU-funded research projects have joined forces to boost crop diversification by creating the European Crop Diversification Cluster (CDC). This Cluster aggregates research, innovation, commercial and citizen-focused partnerships to identify and remove barriers across the agrifood system and thus enables the uptake of diversification measures by all European value-chain stakeholders. The CDC will produce a typology of barriers, develop tools to accompany actors in their transition, harmonize the use of multicriteria assessment indicators, prepare policy recommendations and pave the way for a long-term network on crop diversification.

Lychee on the European markets. With approximately 2.8 Mt of annual global production, lychee constitutes a minor fruit in terms of production. The world production is mainly located in the northern hemisphere (95%). However, most of the quantity exported to the EU comes from the southern hemisphere. In this context, with its 100,000 t of annual production, Madagascar is ranked fourth in the producing world and first in the southern hemisphere producing countries. This rank is due to the fact that supplies in the EU are seasonal and mainly concentrated during the end of the year holiday season. This market can only be supplied in quantity by the Malagasy lychee because of its earlier date of harvest in the Indian Ocean. The lychee industry in Madagascar. Lychee cultivation in Madagascar dates from the early twentieth century. It is primarily grown in wet tropical lowlands of the island with some production in areas with a subtropical climate with dry and cool winters. The stand is not structured into orchards. Therefore, the volumes currently exported are based on a stand established by a multitude of small producers. The characteristics of Malagasy lychee export and the consequences of the production context on export are analyzed. Changes in European legislation on lychee importation. The regulatory changes since 1987 and the commercial developments since 1994 are reviewed by analyzing the resulting effects on the Malagasy lychee exports. Learning experience from fifteen years of Malagasy lychee export campaigns. Data on Malagasy lychee export campaigns from 1996 to 2012 and the history of the changes in volumes exported allow a close analysis of the factors affecting the Malagasy lychee industry. Success factors of the Malagasy lychee exports. These factors are related to securing market position and to the components of a marketing campaign (supply date to the European market, exported volumes and competition from produce from other countries). Conclusions. Lychees from Madagascar, although marketed for a very brief period, currently occupy the first rank on the European markets and have managed, through the development of transport logistics using very large-capacity cargoes, to eliminate all competition. However, this sector is mainly structured downstream and its production, which comprises a network of 30,000 small producers, has been neglected. This lack of intervention (boosting of production, improving crop management, etc.) upstream of the chain does not support sustaining the industry in the medium term.

Live animal trade is considered a major mode of introduction of viruses from enzootic foci into disease-free areas. Due to societal and behavioural changes, some wild animal species may nowadays be considered as pet species. The species diversity of animals involved in international trade is thus increasing. This could benefit pathogens that have a broad host range such as arboviruses. The objective of this study was to analyze the risk posed by live animal imports for the introduction, in the European Union (EU), of four arboviruses that affect human and horses: Eastern and Western equine encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan equine encephalitis and Japanese encephalitis. Importation data for a five-years period (2005-2009, extracted from the EU TRACES database), environmental data (used as a proxy for the presence of vectors) and horses and human population density data (impacting the occurrence of clinical cases) were combined to derive spatially explicit risk indicators for virus introduction and for the potential consequences of such introductions. Results showed the existence of hotspots where the introduction risk was the highest in Belgium, in the Netherlands and in the north of Italy. This risk was higher for Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) than for the three other diseases. It was mainly attributed to exotic pet species such as rodents, reptiles or cage birds, imported in small-sized containments from a wide variety of geographic origins. The increasing species and origin diversity of these animals may have in the future a strong impact on the risk of introduction of arboviruses in the EU.

The recognition of geographical indications (GIs) by the World Trade Organization (WTO) has led many countries to establish a specific legal framework to protect their traditional local products, whether agricultural, foodstuff or handicraft. These changes are taking place within a heterogeneous international legal context. The European Union, for example, only protects GIs for agricultural products and foodstuffs. This regulation deprives designations of traditional handicraft goods, which are numerous in the countries of the South, of protection on the European market, and fosters risks of misuse. Historical analysis of the protection of GIs and practices in Europe and India nevertheless show that there is no justification for treating products differently according to their nature. Hence the proposal to create a new international and European legal framework based on the strength of the link between the product and its geographical origin. The strength of this link would be assessed using criteria pertaining to natural and human factors, whether individually or combined, which are relevant whatever the product is.

Le Cycle de Doha, lancé en 2001, achoppe sur le volet agricole, en particulier sur le dossier coton. Cette communication vise à aider à évoluer vers le consensus recherché. À cette fin, nous avons analysé les impacts des scénarios proposés et d'un scénario nouveau qui tient compte du traitement différencié en faveur des pays en développement. Face au scénario 1 de statu quo de l'Accord de l'Uruguay Round, les scénarios actuels sont ceux de Falconner 2008, du C4, de l'Union Européenne et des États-Unis. Nous proposons un scénario original (scénario 6) qui intègre l'amélioration de l'accès du coton des pays africains au marché chinois et autorise un soutien domestique renforcé dans les pays cotonniers d'Afrique. Ce scénario est aussi original par l'affectation des économies réalisées par les pays développés, dans la réduction de leurs soutiens domestiques, pour constituer un fonds de solidarité internationale de soutien à la filière coton des pays en développement. Enfin, nous avons, le scénario 7 peu probable de libéralisation totale des échanges. Nous avons utilisé le modèle ATPSM (Agricultural Trade Policy Simulation Model) pour mesurer les impacts des sept scénarios et utilisé l'approche d'Adams pour mesurer l'équité. Nos résultats ont montré que le scénario nouveau augmente le prix aux producteurs de coton de 10,8%, mieux que les propositions du C4 (9,0%) et des USA (6,1%). Le scénario nouveau d'accords augmente le prix mondial (8,1%), le prix aux consommateurs (7,4%) et le volume des exportations (2,3%), certes à un degré moindre que celle du C4 mais davantage que la proposition américaine. Au regard du critère d'équité, il est aussi favorable que les autres scénarios en comparaison du statu quo de l'Uruguay Round. Le scénario nouveau présente les éléments favorables à un compromis pour conclure le Cycle de Doha, avec des effets bénéfiques pour les pays en développement et l'introduction d'un mécanisme nouveau de solidarité internationale.

Le Burkina Faso est un pays sahélien enclavé dont l'économie repose principalement sur l'agriculture et l'élevage qui contribuent pour plus de 30 % à la formation du PIB et occupent plus de 80 % de la population active. L'élevage contribue pour plus de 10 % au PIB. La part des produits animaux, cuirs et peaux compris, dans la valeur des exportations est d'environ 26 % (en 1995) ; plaçant ainsi l'élevage au second rang des recettes d'exportations après le coton. Malgré cette contribution appréciable de l'élevage dans l'économie nationale, notre pays est importateur net de lait et de produits laitiers pour faire face à la demande intérieure. La valeur des importations s'est élevée en 1998 à 9 milliards F CFA. En dépit de ces importations massives la consommation actuelle est de 18 kg d'équivalent lait/habitant/an et est loin de la norme internationale qui est de 75 kg d'équivalent - lait/habitant/an. L'élevage traditionnel comprend 80 à 90 % du cheptel bovin et assure l'essentiel de la production laitière qui est saisonnière. Les fluctuations saisonnières ont une forte influence sur le prix de vente du litre de lait. Ainsi, il varie entre 100 F et 600 F CFA selon la localité et selon la saison. A long terme, le Gouvernement se fixe pour objectif de réduire de moitié le volume des importations de lait et de produits laitiers. Cette volonté politique se manifeste à travers, - l'élection, en juin 1997, du Ministère Délégué Chargé des Ressources Animales en Ministère plein, - L'adoption en novembre 1997, d'une Note d'Orientation de la Politique de développement du Secteur-Elevage au Burkina Faso; l'élaboration en cours du plan d'action du secteur élevage, - la création du Fonds de développement de l'élevage (FODEL); - la mise en oeuvre, avec l'appui de l'Union Européenne (7ème FED) du Programme National Pilote de Développement Laitier (PNPDL), - l'organisation en juin 1998, d'un atelier de réflexion sur la politique laitière au Burkina Faso sous l'égide du PNPDL. La présente communication fait l'économie des grandes conclusions de cet atelier et s'articule autour de deux points. - situation de la filière lait, - perspectives de développement de la filière lait.

Background: Biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are small hematophagous insects responsible for the transmission of bluetongue virus, Schmallenberg virus and African horse sickness virus to wild and domestic ruminants and equids. Outbreaks of these viruses have caused economic damage within the European Union. The spatio-temporal distribution of biting midges is a key factor in identifying areas with the potential for disease spread. The aim of this study was to identify and map areas of neglectable adult activity for each month in an average year. Average monthly risk maps can be used as a tool when allocating resources for surveillance and control programs within Europe. Methods : We modelled the occurrence of C. imicola and the Obsoletus and Pulicaris ensembles using existing entomological surveillance data from Spain, France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Poland. The monthly probability of each vector species and ensembles being present in Europe based on climatic and environmental input variables was estimated with the machine learning technique Random Forest. Subsequently, the monthly probability was classified into three classes: Absence, Presence and Uncertain status. These three classes are useful for mapping areas of no risk, areas of high-risk targeted for animal movement restrictions, and areas with an uncertain status that need active entomological surveillance to determine whether or not vectors are present. Results: The distribution of Culicoides species ensembles were in agreement with their previously reported distribution in Europe. The Random Forest models were very accurate in predicting the probability of presence for C. imicola (mean AUC = 0.95), less accurate for the Obsoletus ensemble (mean AUC = 0.84), while the lowest accuracy was found for the Pulicaris ensemble (mean AUC = 0.71). The most important environmental variables in the models were related to temperature and precipitation for all three groups. Conclusions: The duration periods with low or null adult activity can be derived from the associated monthly distribution maps, and it was also possible to identify and map areas with uncertain predictions. In the absence of ongoing vector surveillance, these maps can be used by veterinary authorities to classify areas as likely vector-free or as likely risk areas from southern Spain to northern Sweden with acceptable precision. The maps can also focus costly entomological surveillance to seasons and areas where the predictions and vector-free status remain uncertain.

L'objectif de ce séminaire était de mettre en commun un certain nombre d'expériences de pays africains, méditerranéens et latino-américains ayant mis en oeuvre des programmes d'ajustement structurel, et de tirer de cette confrontation des conclusions sur la manière d'aborder le problème de l'ouverture des économies et sur son impact sur les différents secteurs productifs. Après une série d'étude de cas dans différents pays, la création de trois groupes de travail permettant d'approfondir certains thèmes de réflexion (rôle de l'Etat, dynamique de l'ajustement, besoins en informations pour l'évaluation ex ante de l'impact des PAS) est proposée. En annexe figurent les textes présentés lors de ce séminaire

West Africa is one of the regions the most concerned with structural food and nutrition security. Consequently, agricultural development pathways and scenarios are under high scientific and political scrutiny in this region. Rice, as a rapidly growing staple plays a key role in the West African diet representing close to 40% of the total volume of cereal consumed in the region. In the context of the 2008 food price crisis several West African countries have since proclaimed rice self-sufficiency as a target. Here, we show that rice yields tend to be, on average over the entire region, less stable (by a range of 15%–30%) than that of alternative crops, possibly substitutable in diets. The regions where yields of alternative crops are more stable than those of rice correspond to the main climatic regions where these crops are grown: sorghum, millet in the Sahelian and Sudanian regions and tubers in the Guinean region. Rice yields are significantly less stable for 33% of the comparisons considered and are significantly more stable than any alternative crop for 15% of the comparisons in few areas without clear longitudinal patterns. Models accounting for climate variability explain up to 17% of the variance of the data and reveal that yield variability differences between rice and alternative crops tends to widen in the areas where the monsoon precipitation is more variable between-years. The highest levels of variability of rice yields compared to alternative crops are recorded in regions where the monsoon varies strongly between years. Our analysis advocates for an explicit account of yield stability in West African rice expansion scenarios and supply strategies.