Suchergebnisse

In international investment law, foreign investors can claim that host countries have acted against investors' legitimate expectations. Especially in light of recent investment treaties recognizing sustainable development goals and the importance of responsible business conduct, this Perspective asks whether host countries too can have legitimate expectations regarding foreign investors' conduct.

Starting from the consolidated literature on the labour market effects of immigration (summarized in the second chapter in what follows) the aims of this work are: (i) to assess the impact of skilled immigration on income in destination countries (chapter 3) and (ii) to understand the relation between immigration and offshoring when asymmetric information about foreing born workers is assumed (chapter 4). So, the rest of the thesis is composed follows: Chapter 2, "The economic impact of migration on host countries: a survey", provides a survey of the literature on the effects of migration on the economic performances in host countries. The aim of the chapter is to provide a synthetic view of both theoretical and empirical literature to better understand how host economies are affected by changes in their foreign born population endowment. The chapter is intended to clear the ground for the following chapters. Chapter 3, "Skilled migration and economic performances: evidence from OECD countries", investigates the effects of immigration flows and their human capital content on per capita GDP variation in 24 OECD host countries. Theoretical models conclude that the effect of immigrants in host country's income depends on the human capital content of migrants (Benhabib 1996); empirically the question is still open and this paper contributes to make light on this. So we propose an empirical estimation of the effects of immigrants and their human capital content on per capita GDP variation. Using an IV model to solve the endogeneity problem we found that high human capital content by immigrants has a positive effect on per capita GDP variation, but it is not enough to fully compensate the overall negative effects of migration on changes in per capita output. Chapter 4, "Offshoring, migrants and natives workers: the optimal choice under asymmetric information", presents a theoretical model about the optimal choice for a firm between offshoring and hiring immigrant workers under asymmetric information about their ability and effort in production (symmetric information is assumed about home born workers). When a domestic firm hires an immigrant it doesn't know his ability; while when the firm goes abroad it uses local agent in order to buy additional information about workers, thus enforceable contracts may be set. We show that it is optimal for firms to produce low quality products offshoring the production abroad, while intermediate quality level products will be produced at home using foreign born workers. Finally, high quality products will be produced using native workers.

Millions of forcibly displaced people apply for asylum every year facing uncertain outcomes. What can explain cross-country heterogeneity in these outcomes? This study provides estimates of the determinants of asylum admission policies in host countries using a bilateral panel data set covering 201 origin and 113 destination countries between 2000 and 2017. The paper shows that in high-income countries, unlike in low- and middle-income countries, approval policies are influenced by political factors such as political polarization and electoral periods. The study also finds that macroeconomic factors, labor market outcomes, and public spending can play an important role in final decisions on asylum.

While a great deal of scholarship has been devoted to peacekeeping operations (PKOs), relatively few works have examined their economic effects. Toward better understanding this area of inquiry, we examine the impact of PKOs on the growth of the shadow economies of host countries. We posit that the conflict cessation brought about by peacekeeping missions, as well as their stimulative economic effects, will reduce the growth of the shadow sector. However, these impacts may not be sustainable after the conclusion of the mission. Testing these linkages across 145 countries for over 40 years, we find significant support for these dynamics.

Purpose
International expansion is an inevitable consequence for companies that are seeking revenue growth. Foreign direct investment (FDI) by global enterprises is a common route of such expansion. As companies invest abroad, competing interests cause concerns over the impact (both positive and negative) on the local labor force (necessitating corporate social responsibility) caused by FDI. Therefore, there is a logical link between FDI, a country's labor force and globalization. The purpose of this study is to explore this untested relationship.


Design/methodology/approach
This panel study uses cross-country data from the World Bank to understand the pattern of influence of globalization on worker injury. A secondary data set of 36 developed and developing countries from 2003 to 2007 are gathered for this paper to analyze.


Findings
The results of this paper indicate that, companies are seeking to maintain higher levels of social responsibility should not only consider a framework such as ISO 26000 themselves but also they should encourage compliance from their upstream suppliers as well.


Originality/value
Goods for these companies are manufactured in Bangladesh, but unfortunately, a serious tragedy occurred when a building collapsed, resulting in the death of 1,127 people, which was not the first of such events in Bangladesh (The Associated Press, 2013). Inspired by this recent tragedy, this study examines possible connections between globalization and the factors that are associated with the incidences of worker injury. Globalization is a well-studied phenomenon, however very little has been done to examine its impact on worker injuries; this paper helps fill that gap.