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No one can tell you today exactly what technologies will make up the smart grid of the future, but smart grid is not just about the technology. It will involve designing an architecture that will utilize the data that is generated by the technology to automate the grid. It will also involve a paradigm shift in the utility industry with the active participation of customers in the energy delivery process. Deploying smart grid technologies will not be measured in months, but in years and decades. Public policy stands to have a huge impact on this time frame.

Tese de mestrado integrado em Engenharia da Energia e do Ambiente, apresentada à Universidade de Lisboa, através da Faculdade de Ciências, 2016 ; The SG concept arises from the fact that there is an increase in global energy consumption. One of the factors delaying an energetic paradigm change worldwide is the electric grids. Even though there is no specific definition for the SG concept there are several characteristics that describe it. Those features represent several advantages relating to reliability and efficiency. The most important one is the two way flow of energy and information between utilities and consumers. The infrastructures in standard grids and the SG can classified the same way but the second one has several components contributing for monitoring and management improvement. The SG's management system allows peak reduction, using several techniques underlining many advantages like controlling costs and emissions. Furthermore, it presents a new concept called demand response that allows consumers to play an important role in the electric systems. This factor brings benefits for utilities, consumers and the whole grid but it increases problems in security and that is why the SG relies in a good protection system. There are many schemes and components to create it. The MG can be considered has an electric grid in small scale which can connect to the whole grid. To implement a MG it is necessary economic and technical studies. For that, software like HOMER can be used. However, the economic study can be complex because there are factors that are difficult to evaluate beyond energy selling. On top of that, there are legislation and incentive programs that should be considered. Two case studies prove that MG can be profitable. In the first study, recurring to HOMER, and a scenario with energy selling only, it was obtained a 106% reduction on production cost and 32% in emissions. The installer would have an $8 000 000 profit in the MG's lifetime. In the second case, it was considered economic services ...

In its more visionary acceptation, the smart grid is a model of energy management in which the users are engaged in producing energy as well as consuming it, while having information systems fully aware of the energy demand-response of the network and of dynamically varying prices. A natural question is then: to make the smart grid a reality will the distribution grid have to be upgraded? We assume a positive answer to the question and we consider the lower layers of medium and low voltage to be the most affected by the change. In our previous work, we analyzed samples of the Dutch distribution grid (Pagani and Aiello, 2011) and we considered possible evolutions of these using synthetic topologies modeled after studies of complex systems in other technological domains (Pagani and Aiello, 2014). In this paper, we take an extra important step by defining a methodology for evolving any existing physical power grid to a good smart grid model, thus laying the foundations for a decision support system for utilities and governmental organizations. In doing so, we consider several possible evolution strategies and apply them to the Dutch distribution grid. We show how increasing connectivity is beneficial in realizing more efficient and reliable networks. Our proposal is topological in nature, enhanced with economic considerations of the costs of such evolutions in terms of cabling expenses and economic benefits of evolving the grid.

Even the slightest change in the universe would have its repurcussions in people's life. Therefore changes in technological, spatial or political environment would definetely affect the way people think and the way they execute. Keeping this in mind l tried to reflect the changes taking place in the world while respecting historical context of the project area.

With no less than half a billion people in the world without electricity supply, and electricity being the back bone for technological development, it makes sense that electricity is the center of discussion. While innovation and technology have radically transformed other industrial sectors, the electric system, has continued to operate the same way for decades. The real challenge today is not to meet the minimum functionality but to be prepared for future demands. These demands make it necessary for the transformation from regular grid to a Smart Grid. In this paper, the Smart Grid was evaluated for its impacts on the environment, industry, and the global population. Additionally, the role of ICTs in solving the hurdles of Smart Grid has been examined.

Electric Vehicles (EVs) are gaining acceptance due to the advantages they offer in the reduction of nitrogen oxide and carbon dioxide emissions. The need for emission reduction and the potential of EVs for these reductions is reflected in the current sustainable mobility policies of the EU as well as the German government. Increasing the penetration of EVs in the grid requires an expansion of EV charging infrastructure, which in turn requires either grid reinforcement or solutions for more efficient use of existing infrastructure to avoid or postpone grid reinforcement. Distribution transformers face increased loading due to EV charging and need to be protected from overloading during peak load periods to ensure continuity of service. Therefore, transformers are one of the components that are upgraded or replaced as a part of grid reinforcement. In this paper, we propose the connection of a Solid-State Transformers (SST) between two buses operating at the same-voltage level as an alternative to replacement or upgrading of conventional transformer as well as to prevent their overloading. We analyse how the proposed topology can be useful to reduce the impact of EV integration on the overloading of distribution transformers and node voltage violations in the distribution grid.

Introducing grids : a meditation on Mrs. O'Leary -- Brick -- Tablet -- Gridiron -- Map -- Notation -- Ledger -- Screen -- Type -- Box -- Network -- Afterword : toward fractional dimensions