Suchergebnisse

The recognition of geographical indications (GIs) by the World Trade Organization (WTO) has led many countries to establish a specific legal framework to protect their traditional local products, whether agricultural, foodstuff or handicraft. These changes are taking place within a heterogeneous international legal context. The European Union, for example, only protects GIs for agricultural products and foodstuffs. This regulation deprives designations of traditional handicraft goods, which are numerous in the countries of the South, of protection on the European market, and fosters risks of misuse. Historical analysis of the protection of GIs and practices in Europe and India nevertheless show that there is no justification for treating products differently according to their nature. Hence the proposal to create a new international and European legal framework based on the strength of the link between the product and its geographical origin. The strength of this link would be assessed using criteria pertaining to natural and human factors, whether individually or combined, which are relevant whatever the product is.

The purpose of this dissertation is to discuss how a firm chooses a new geographical market. To answer this research question, we conducted a qualitative study with a case study approach. The company studied was A Poveira, a Portuguese fish cannery. We use mostly primary type of data, using semi-structured interviews as the main source. Nonetheless, we also use secondary type of data and direct observation to collect additional data. The findings show that many theories discussed in the literature review were verified in the case of our company, while others were rejected. It was also possible to rank the importance of the criteria used by the company to choose a new geographical market and the connection among the different criterions. The cultural barriers are often heavy and costly; however they are not sufficient to make a market inviable since the company has the ability to overcome them. The political and legal systems might also affect the decision of choosing a new geographical. However, factors such as previous experience, network and economic attractiveness of the host market are more critical in the choice of a new geographical market. Finally, factors such as language or geographic distance have little or none weight in that decision. ; O objetivo desta tese é discutir como é que uma empresa escolhe um novo mercado geográfico. Para responder a esta questão de pesquisa, conduzimos um estudo qualitativo, usando um estudo de caso. A empresa estudada foi A Poveira, uma empresa portuguesa produtora de conservas de peixe. Usamos maioritariamente informação do tipo primário, usando entrevistas semiestruturadas como fonte. No entanto, também usamos informação do tipo secundária e observação direta como fontes adicionais de informação. Os resultados mostram que várias das teorias discutidas na revisão de literatura são verificadas no caso da empresa em questão, enquanto outras foram rejeitadas. Também foi possível criar um ranking da importância do critério usado pela empresa para escolher um novo mercado geográfico e a ligação entre critérios. As barreiras culturais são frequentemente pesadas e custosas, no entanto não são suficientes para tornar um mercado inviável pois a empresa tem a capacidade para ultrapassa-las. Os sistemas políticos e legais podem também afetar a decisão de selecionar um novo mercado. No entanto, fatores como as experiências passadas, a rede de contactos e a atratividade económica do mercado são mais críticos na escolha de um novo mercado. Finalmente, fatores como o idioma ou a distância geográfica tem pouco ou quase nulo peso nessa decisão.

International audience ; The recognition of geographical indications (GIs) by the World Trade Organization (WTO) has led many countries to establish a specific legal framework to protect their traditional local products, whether agricultural, foodstuff or handicraft. These changes are taking place within a heterogeneous international legal context. The European Union, for example, only protects GIs for agricultural products and foodstuffs. This regulation deprives designations of traditional handicraft goods, which are numerous in the countries of the South, of protection on the European market, and fosters risks of misuse. Historical analysis of the protection of GIs and practices in Europe and India nevertheless show that there is no justification for treating products differently according to their nature. Hence the proposal to create a new international and European legal framework based on the strength of the link between the product and its geographical origin. The strength of this link would be assessed using criteria pertaining to natural and human factors, whether individually or combined, which are relevant whatever the product is. ; La reconnaissance des indications géographiques (IG) par l'Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) a conduit de nombreux pays à mettre en place un cadre juridique spécifique pour protéger leurs produits traditionnels localisés, qu'ils soient agricoles ou artisanaux. Ces évolutions s'inscrivent dans un contexte juridique international hétérogène. Ainsi, l'Union européenne ne protège que les IG désignant des produits agricoles et alimentaires. Cette réglementation prive les appellations de produits artisanaux, nombreux dans les pays du Sud, d'une protection sur le marché européen, et autorise les risques d'usurpation. L'analyse historique de la protection des IG et des pratiques en Europe et en Inde montre pourtant qu'un traitement différent selon la nature du produit ne se justifie pas. D'où la proposition de créer un nouveau régime juridique international et européen fondé ...

International audience ; The recognition of geographical indications (GIs) by the World Trade Organization (WTO) has led many countries to establish a specific legal framework to protect their traditional local products, whether agricultural, foodstuff or handicraft. These changes are taking place within a heterogeneous international legal context. The European Union, for example, only protects GIs for agricultural products and foodstuffs. This regulation deprives designations of traditional handicraft goods, which are numerous in the countries of the South, of protection on the European market, and fosters risks of misuse. Historical analysis of the protection of GIs and practices in Europe and India nevertheless show that there is no justification for treating products differently according to their nature. Hence the proposal to create a new international and European legal framework based on the strength of the link between the product and its geographical origin. The strength of this link would be assessed using criteria pertaining to natural and human factors, whether individually or combined, which are relevant whatever the product is. ; La reconnaissance des indications géographiques (IG) par l'Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) a conduit de nombreux pays à mettre en place un cadre juridique spécifique pour protéger leurs produits traditionnels localisés, qu'ils soient agricoles ou artisanaux. Ces évolutions s'inscrivent dans un contexte juridique international hétérogène. Ainsi, l'Union européenne ne protège que les IG désignant des produits agricoles et alimentaires. Cette réglementation prive les appellations de produits artisanaux, nombreux dans les pays du Sud, d'une protection sur le marché européen, et autorise les risques d'usurpation. L'analyse historique de la protection des IG et des pratiques en Europe et en Inde montre pourtant qu'un traitement différent selon la nature du produit ne se justifie pas. D'où la proposition de créer un nouveau régime juridique international et européen fondé sur la force du lien entre le produit et son lieu d'origine. La force du lien à l'origine serait évaluée à l'aide de critères relevant de facteurs naturels et de facteurs humains, pris seuls ou combinés, critères pertinents quel que soit le produit.

This paper describes an exploratory study aiming to assess e-government maturity of municipalities in selected Iberoamerican countries: Andorra, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Portugal and Spain. A geographical criterion was adopted to select the countries, and a demographic criterion was adopted to define the municipalities observed within those countries. Moreover, a three-dimensional maturity model was used to categorize and evaluate each municipal website. Then, we conclude that local e-government still has a substantial room for improvement in the community, or at least in the studied countries, and that population density seems to be associated with the preliminary results for local e-government maturity.

Given the effect of locational decisions on access and utilization of healthcare facilities in any society, the current study attempted an evaluation of the locational efficiency of available health facilities in Ikot Ekpene LGA with a view to ascertain the distributional pattern of the health care centers in the study area. It was discovered that health care centers in the area are randomly distributed but moderately concentrated in a few wards leaving more than half the area under-served. Using a WHO population/distance criterion of 1/4km, it is shown that only a small portion of the study area has effective access to healthcare facilities. Potential sites for location of additional health centers were suggested and the capability of Geographical Information System (GIS) in spatial planning and healthcare facility management is demonstrated

Given the effect of locational decisions on access and utilization of healthcare facilities in any society, the current study attempted an evaluation of the locational efficiency of available health facilities in Ikot Ekpene LGA with a view to ascertain the distributional pattern of the health care centers in the study area. It was discovered that health care centers in the area are randomly distributed but moderately concentrated in a few wards leaving more than half the area under-served. Using a WHO population/distance criterion of 1/4km, it is shown that only a small portion of the study area has effective access to healthcare facilities. Potential sites for location of additional health centers were suggested and the capability of Geographical Information System (GIS) in spatial planning and healthcare facility management is demonstrated DOI:10.5901/jesr.2013.v3n9p93

In recent years, there has been growing awareness about the roles and benefits of urban green spaces (UGSs), particularly in the context of mitigating the negative effects of climate change, which have become increasingly serious. In Vietnam, the government has allocated considerable resources to the development of UGSs in many cities. However, regarding implementation, UGS development in Vietnam faces many challenges; many cities find it difficult to meet the set criterion regarding the number of green spaces per capita. This research was conducted in Hue City, which is known as one of the greenest cities in Vietnam. The results show that there are twenty-one UGSs in Hue City (with a total area of 88.67 ha). These are located primarily along the Huong River and around the Hue Imperial Citadel. However, under government stipulations, the current number of UGSs is not considered sufficient in proportion to the local population, and will not accommodate the future growth of the population. We applied the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) along with the participation of local residents, using six criteria to map potential areas for future UGS planning. In this, the distance from existing residential areas to potential UGS locations is the most important criterion. The suitability map identified 684 hectares of Hue City as highly suitable for UGSs. This research also proposes a scenario for UGS planning in Hue based on retaining the existing green spaces combined with creating another 35 green spaces, comprising a total area of 167 hectares. This is to meet the needs of local residents by 2030.

The author analyzes the latest dimensions of security in the territory of the former Yugoslavia stemming from the Dayton & Paris accords. His starting point is the geographical criterion that produces five trouble spots that could jeopardize the process of security building. He concludes that only a determined application of political, diplomatic, & economic pressures, as well as military presence, may bring about a new dimension of security in southeastern Europe. He then reviews analyses of the disintegration of Yugoslavia & the creation of new states in this part of Europe, as well as of the concepts & schemes for a certain degree of linkage, the most prominent being the American initiative for cooperation in Southeast Europe. It is obvious that this region will go on being viewed through different lenses & that the interests of the observers, more than those of the peoples living in this part of Europe, will gain precedence. Adapted from the source document.

In the first part of the article, the author analyses the latest dimensions of on the territory of the former Yugoslavia stemming from the Dayton and Paris accords. His starting point is the geographical criterion which produces five trouble spots which may jeopardize the process of security-building. He concludes that only a determined application of political, diplomatic and economic pressures, as well as military presence, may bring about a new dimension of security in Southeastern Europe. The second part of the article gives a review the analyses of the disintegration of Yugoslavia and the creation of new state this part of Europe, as well as of the concepts and schemes for a certain degr linkage and bringing together, the most prominent of which is the American initiative for the co-operation in Southeastern Europe. It is obvious that this region will go on being viewed through different lenses and that the interests of the observers, more than those of the peoples living in this part of Europe, will get precedence. (SOI : PM: S. 23)

В работе проведен краткий сравнительный анализ конституционного права стран мира, на основе которого выделены единые критерии для их классификации. Автором определен комплексный метод сравнительного конституционного права (сравнительной конституционного географии) – науки, изучающей распространение моделей регулирования конституционных отношений в различных регионах стран мира. ; In work the short comparative analysis of a constitutional law of the countries of the world on which basis uniform criteria for their classification are allocated is carried out. Research of the countries of Europe, Asia, Africa, the Near East, Northern and Southern Americas, Ocenia has allowed to allocate typical signs of the states of these regions. In the countries of Europe parliamentary republics (in the Western Europe), the mixed republics (in the Central Europe) and parliamentary monarchy (in Northern Europe) prevail. In America parliamentary monarchy of Westminster type (In northern America) and presidential federal republics (in the South America) prevail. In the Near East rather secular states in northern part of region, Muslim superpresidential republics in the countries of Maghrib and theocratic absolute monarchies of Arabian peninsula are allocated. In Africa it is possible to allocate the authoritative states of Tropical Africa and rather democratic states of Southern Africa. In Asia it is allocated two basic groups of the states: socialist (East Asia) and bourgeois (Southern Asia). In Ocenia the practical all states are parliamentary monarchy of Westminster type with the mixed legal family. Special signs have also the CIS countries. Results of the given analysis prove existence of a comparative constitutional law as independent science. The author defines characteristics of a complex method of a comparative constitutional law. In the modern world of the state in various parts of the world differ on a number of signs, the main things from them are an accessory to a legal family and geographical criterion. Unlike a science of comparative private law, in comparative constitutional the right the geographical sign plays the important role, owing to it the science can be called comparative constitutional geography. According to the author, a subject of comparative constitutional geography is knowledge of distribution of models of regulation of the constitutional relations in various regions of the countries of the world.

SUMMARY The aim of this work is to exam international social security standards and their implementation in Lithuania social security system. The work is divided into two parts. The first part "International social security standards" is defined. The place of international treaties in Lithuanian legal system is analyzed as international social security standards are basically established in these documents. Further based on the geographical criterion social right and social security standards established in the universal, European and European Union levels are analyzed. The chapter "Social rights and social standards established in the universal human rights documents" the provisions of Universal Declaration of Human Rights, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights are examined together with the conventions of the International Labour Organization. In the chapter "Social rights and social protection standards established in the European human rights documents" there are examined the provisions of European Social Charter (revised) and the European Social Code. Taking into consideration the impact of European Union law on the Lithuanian legal system in the chapter "Social rights and social standards established in the European Union law" the provisions of European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights and Charter of Fundamental Social Rights of the Workers are analyzed. In the following part of the work social security standards established for the protection of such social risks as maternity, family circumstances and aging are consistently examined based on the analysis of the provisions on the Lithuanian social security is defined. In the chapter of the work analyzes the entitlement of elderly people to pension, social services and other social support also their right to housing and medical care. In the chapter based on the provisions of above mentioned international conventions and Convention of the Rights of the Child the system of support for the household incomes and non-cash benefits for children is analyzed. In the last part the issues of pregnancy, childbirth leave and parental guarantees are defined.