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Vote functions are important devices for providing a 'big picture' of developments in electoral politics. However, the limited degrees of freedom upon which they are typically based mean that vote functions are rarely able to properly discriminate between competing accounts of electoral outcomes. They also fail adequately to capture the impact of 'events' or to recognize the extent to which the context of electoral competition can vary over time. Popularity functions that restrict themselves to relatively limited periods of time are capable of addressing all of these concerns: they enjoy more degrees of freedom, can take full account of the impact of 'events,' & can focus on very specific electoral periods. Interestingly, however, Lewis-Beck's vote function for postwar British politics contains variables that are very similar to those in a popularity function that was developed for the most recent (2001) British general election. In the British context, vote & popularity functions seem to provide quite similar accounts of the main drivers of party support. The advantage of both approaches is that they provide clearly specified, unambiguous -- & falsifiable -- accounts of the phenomenon under investigation. 6 References. Adapted from the source document.

AbstractWe use the method of fixed points to describe a form of probabilistic truth approximation which we illustrate by means of three examples. We then contrast this form of probabilistic truth approximation with another, more familiar kind, where no fixed points are used. In probabilistic truth approximation with fixed points the events are dependent on one another, but in the second kind they are independent. The first form exhibits a phenomenon that we call 'fading origins', the second one is subject to a phenomenon known as 'the washing out of the prior'. We explain that the two phenomena may seem very similar, but are in fact quite different.

An iterated function system (IFS) on the space of distribution functions is built with the aim of proposing a new class of distribution function estimators. One IFS estimator and its asymptotic properties are studied in detail. We also propose a density estimator derived from the IFS distribution function estimator by using Fourier
analysis. Relative efficiencies of both estimators, for small and moderate sample sizes, are presented via Monte Carlo analysis.

Proceedings of the 18th International Workshop on Post-Binary ULSI Systems May 20, 2009, Naha, Okinawa, Japan. ; This publication is a work of the U.S. Government as defined in Title 17, United States Code, Section 101. As such, it is in the public domain, and under the provisions of Title 17, United States Code, Section 105, may not be copyrighted. ; This paper introduces design methods for numeric function generators (NFGs) using decision diagrams. NFGs are hardware accelerators to compute values of numeric functions such as trigonometric, logarithmic, square root, and reciprocal functions.

The article deals with the social function in the system of functions of the state, namely the definition of this concept. In state functioning there is purposeful influence on various spheres of life, social processes and connections. In performing certain functions, the state affects social processes, their dynamics and directions through reforms, transformations, legal regulation of social relations. The implementation of social functions stabilizes the development of the society. The article provides an in-depth analysis of the definitions of the state social functions and provides its relevant concept. It can be argued that the definition of social functions of the state depends on a number of factors, namely legal, political, ideological, informational, etc. It is established that in the theory of the state and law much attention is paid to the study of the social functions of the state. It is determined that the social function of the state, as a dynamic one and inherent in a particular stage of development of the state determines the main activities of the state, expressing its essence and social purpose, aimed at implementing the goals and objectives. The Constitution of Ukraine, along with other tasks, sets the goal of forming a welfare state. The changes that have taken place as a result of the implementation of the Association Agreement between Ukraine, on the one hand, and the European Union, the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, on the other hand, have radically changed the socio-political and socio-economic situation in the society, as well as the ideas on the purpose, priorities and methods of realization of the social function of the state. The social function of the state is one of the main activities carried out in the social sphere of public relations to provide citizens with a decent standard of living, resolve social contradictions and realize the agreed interests of citizens, based on socially recognized and legally established social standards. The purpose of this article is to study the social function of the state. Despite the significant number of scientific papers devoted to the study of issues, the harmonisation of national legislation to the requirements of the European Union initiates research on the social function of the state in the context of dynamic socio-economic changes. Keywords: a state, a function, a social function, the objectives of the state, classification, stability, a social purpose of the state.

This article explores the usages of imprisonment, both de facto and de jure, from its earliest recorded use 3,000 years ago down to recent times. Early scattered use, unreflected in the statutes, was followed by houses of correction for minor offenders and later, displacing capital punishment, for major crimes. Serious reform in England and Pennsylvania and the subsequent battle between two systems developed in Pennsylvania and New York states and their ultimate demise are described. The origins of special prisons for women, youth, and other categories are traced, and early prison labor and schooling are described.

In this paper , certain subclass of harmonic multivalent function defined in the exterior of the unit disk by used generalize hypergeometric functions is introduced . In This study an attempting have been made to investigate several geometric properties such as coefficient property , growth bounds , extreme points , convolution property , and convex linear combination .