Suchergebnisse

The closing of tax loopholes is one important instrument for fiscal consolidation. We concentrate on the value added tax exemption of banking services in Germany. The potential tax revenue under full value added taxation cannot be estimated from national accounting data, as it is necessary to apportion the value added between final consumption and intermediate production. We develop a method which allows to base our estimates on disaggregated banks' balance sheet data and obtain an estimate for the lower bound of the net revenue loss of tax exemption to the order of 7 bill. DM in 1994.

La distribucio?n de combustibles en Colombia a trave?s de los an?os ha venido experimentando cambios en su desarrollo y contextura, toda vez que ha pasado de ser apenas un negocio familiar para trans- formarse en un establecimiento de comercio, donde adema?s de comercializar combustibles, tambie?n desarrolla actividades relacionadas con el sector automotor, el sector ha venido teniendo un gran crecimiento puesto que en la actualidad hay ma?s de 4600 estaciones de servicio en todo el pai?s. El estudio se adelanta con la finalidad de establecer y analizar cua?les son los factores que influyen en la determinacio?n del ingreso fiscal para las ma?s de 4600 estaciones de servicio del pai?s las cuales deben determinar sus ingresos fiscales como lo determina el artículo 10 de la Ley 26 de 1989 y la validez de los ma?rgenes de comercializacio?n y evaporacio?n establecidos por el gobierno nacional, para tal efecto se tuvieron en cuenta el artículo 10 de la Ley 26 de 1989, y lo establecido en el artículo 1° de la Ley 39 de 1987. Palabras clave: Distribuidor minorista, Gasolina corriente, Extra, ACPM, Galones, Consumo, Artículos, Decretos, Ma?rgenes, Porcentajes. ABSTRACT The distribution of fuels in Colombia over the years has been experiencing changes in its development and context, since it has gone from being just a family business to become a commercial establishment, where in addition to marketing fuels, also develops related activities With the automotive sector, the sector has been experiencing great growth since there are now more than 4,600 service stations throughout the country. The study is carried out with the purpose of establishing and analyzing the factors that influence the determination of tax revenue for the more than 4600 service stations in the country which must determine their tax revenues as determined by Article 10 of Law 26 of 1989 and the validity of marketing and evaporation margins established by the national government, for this purpose article 10 of Law 26 of 1989 was taken into account, and what is established in article 1 of Law 39 of 1987. Keywords: Dealer retail, Current gasoline, Extra, ACPM, Gallon, Consumption, Articles, Decrees, Margins, Percentages. ; La distribucio?n de combustibles en Colombia a trave?s de los an?os ha venido experimentando cambios en su desarrollo y contextura, toda vez que ha pasado de ser apenas un negocio familiar para trans- formarse en un establecimiento de comercio, donde adema?s de comercializar combustibles, tambie?n desarrolla actividades relacionadas con el sector automotor, el sector ha venido teniendo un gran crecimiento puesto que en la actualidad hay ma?s de 4600 estaciones de servicio en todo el pai?s. El estudio se adelanta con la finalidad de establecer y analizar cua?les son los factores que influyen en la determinacio?n del ingreso fiscal para las ma?s de 4600 estaciones de servicio del pai?s las cuales deben determinar sus ingresos fiscales como lo determina el artículo 10 de la Ley 26 de 1989 y la validez de los ma?rgenes de comercializacio?n y evaporacio?n establecidos por el gobierno nacional, para tal efecto se tuvieron en cuenta el artículo 10 de la Ley 26 de 1989, y lo establecido en el artículo 1° de la Ley 39 de 1987. Palabras clave: Distribuidor minorista, Gasolina corriente, Extra, ACPM, Galones, Consumo, Artículos, Decretos, Ma?rgenes, Porcentajes. ABSTRACT The distribution of fuels in Colombia over the years has been experiencing changes in its development and context, since it has gone from being just a family business to become a commercial establishment, where in addition to marketing fuels, also develops related activities With the automotive sector, the sector has been experiencing great growth since there are now more than 4,600 service stations throughout the country. The study is carried out with the purpose of establishing and analyzing the factors that influence the determination of tax revenue for the more than 4600 service stations in the country which must determine their tax revenues as determined by Article 10 of Law 26 of 1989 and the validity of marketing and evaporation margins established by the national government, for this purpose article 10 of Law 26 of 1989 was taken into account, and what is established in article 1 of Law 39 of 1987. Keywords: Dealer retail, Current gasoline, Extra, ACPM, Gallon, Consumption, Articles, Decrees, Margins, Percentages.

In the past 28 years, we find that except for the fiscal revenue of 5,132.1 billion yuan in 2007, which is greater than the fiscal expenditure of 4,978.1 billion yuan, presenting a fiscal surplus, the fiscal expenditure of the rest years is greater than the fiscal revenue, showing the situation of public sector net cash requirement (psncr), especially in 2011, the deficit( the gap between fiscal expenditure and fiscal revenue) is 537.3 billion yuan. Since then, the gap between expenditure and revenue has been increasing with each passing year. In 2015, the fiscal deficit is 2,368 billion yuan. In 2018, the fiscal deficit has been expanded to 3,754.4 billion yuan. In order to avoid the continuous increment of the deficit. This paper discusses the causal relationship between China's fiscal revenue and public expenditure from 1990 to 2018. If fiscal revenue has a positive impact on public expenditure, showing that the government shall reduce fiscal deficit through tax increment. On the contrary, it makes public expenditure continue to expand, leading to the continuous deterioration of fiscal deficit, so as to further decide whether China's future fiscal policy should adopt increasing fiscal revenue or deducting public expenditure policy to reduce the deficit.

This study investigates the evolution of central bank profits as fiscal revenue - or: seigniorage - before and in the aftermath of the global financial crisis of 2008/9. Focusing on a select group of central banks, namely: the Bank of England, United States Federal Reserve System, Bank of Japan, Swiss National Bank, European Central Bank and the Eurosystem (specifically: Deutsche Bundesbank, Banca d'Italia, and Banco de España), we research the impact of experimental monetary policies on central bank profits, profit distributions, and financial buffers, and the outlook for these measures going forward as monetary policies are seeing their gradual "normalization". Seigniorage exposes the connections between currency issuance and public finances, and between monetary and fiscal policies. Central banks' financial independence rests on seigniorage, and in normal times seigniorage largely derives from the note issue supplemented by "own" resources. Essentially, the central bank's income-earning assets represent fiscal wealth, a national treasure hoard that supports its central banking functionality. The analysis sheds new light on the interdependencies between monetary and fiscal policies. Just as the size and composition of central bank balance sheets experienced huge changes in the context of experimental monetary policies, the study's findings also indicate significant changes regarding central banks' profits, profit distributions, and financial buffers in the aftermath of the crisis, with considerable cross-country variation. ; Diese Studie untersucht die Entwicklung von Zentralbankgewinnen als Steuereinnahmequelle - Seigniorage - vor und nach der globalen Finanzkrise von 2008/9. Konzentriert auf eine ausgewählte Gruppe von Zentralbanken, nämlich die Bank of England, das Federal Reserve System der Vereinigten Staaten, die Bank von Japan, die Schweizerische Nationalbank, die Europäische Zentralbank und das Eurosystem (insbesondere die Deutsche Bundesbank, Banca d'Italia und Banco de España), untersuchen wir die Auswirkungen der experimentellen Geldpolitik auf Zentralbankgewinne, Gewinnausschüttungen und finanzielle Puffer; sowie die Aussichten für diese Größen bei allmählicher "Normalisierung" der Geldpolitik. Seigniorage offenbart die Zusammenhänge zwischen Währungsemission und öffentlichen Finanzen sowie zwischen Geld- und Fiskalpolitik. Seigniorage ist die Grundlage für die finanzielle Unabhängigkeit der Notenbanken, und in normalen Zeiten beruht Seigniorage größtenteils auf dem Notenumlauf, ergänzt durch "eigene" Mittel. Im Kern stellen die einkommenstragenden Vermögenswerte der Zentralbank fiskalisches Vermögen dar, eine nationale Schatzkammer, die ihre Zentralbankfunktionen unterstützt. Die Analyse wirft ein neues Licht auf die Interdependenzen zwischen Geld- und Finanzpolitik.Gleichsam wie die Größe und Zusammensetzung der Zentralbankbilanzen im Kontext der experimentellen Geldpolitik enorme Veränderungen erfahren haben, weisen die Ergebnisse der Studie auch auf erhebliche Veränderungen bei den Gewinnen, Gewinnausschüttungen und finanziellen Puffern der Zentralbanken nach der Krise hin, jedoch mit bedeutenden länderspezifischen Unterschieden.