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Justices of several states, unlike members of the federal judiciary, render advisory opinions to governors and legislatures. In those states, the justices have the authority to issue requested opinions in the absence of pending litigation. Although the practice earlier had more widespread use, it has never been employed by all states. Unless carefully circumscribed, the advisory process has considerable unexamined significance.

SUMMARYI. The concept of economic and social policy in the Federal Republic of Germany.II. Public undertakings: conditionally recognized.III. Co‐operatives: integrated.IV. Trade union undertakings: disputed.V. German collective economy: a creation of theory, not a political reality.

At head of title: 86th Congress, 2d session. House of Representatives committee print. ; Mode of access: Internet.

The doctrine of "interjurisdictional immunity" is part of the framework of principles of Canadian federalism aimed at reconciling federal values with the reality that laws enacted by one level of government will inevitably have an impact on matters within the jurisdiction of the other level of government. The law on interjurisdictional immunity has undergone considerable evolution in the last few decades, with the most recent development being the Supreme Court of Canada's decisions in Canadian Western Bank and Lafarge, which were decided in 2007. Historically, the doctrine of interjurisdictional immunity was narrowly applied and the issue was whether a provincial law sterilized, paralyzed or impaired a federal undertaking or subject. This strict test was relaxed by the Supreme Court of Canada in the seminal cases of Bell 1966 and Bell 1988, which held that provincial legislation was inapplicable to federal undertakings whenever it "affected" a vital part of a federal undertaking or core of federal jurisdiction. In Canadian Western Bank and Lafarge, the Supreme Court shifted the balance of federalism in the direction of the provinces by reverting back to a more restrictive approach to interjurisdictional immunity. In the first part of this paper, the authors describe the interjurisdictional immunity doctrine and distinguish it from the doctrines of pith and substance and paramountcy. In the second part, the authors discuss the history and development of interjurisdictional immunity, and in the last part, they provide comments on the wisdom of the Supreme Court's move to a more restrictive application of interjurisdictional immunity in Canadian Western Bank and Lafarge.

The individual in international law — Aliens — Position of — Respect for property — Expropriation — Whether public administration of property tantamount to expropriation — Necessity for full, prompt and effective compensation — The law of Austria.Treaties — Interpretation of — Principles and rules of — Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (Article 31) — "Ordinary meaning in context" — Annex to Treaty — Case of conflict between terms of Annex and terms of Treaty — Whether terms of Treaty to prevail — Interpretation in light of objectives and principles underlying Treaty — Consideration of preparatory work — London Agreement on German External Debts, 1953 (Article 19) — Annex I, paragraph 11 — Graeco-German Mixed Arbitral Tribunal Awards — Provision for settlement of claims by negotiation — Nature of obligation on parties — Definition — Undertaking to confer with view to reaching an agreement.Disputes — Negotiation — Pactum de negotiando — Legal consequences — London Agreement on German External Debts, 1953 (Article 19) — Annex I, paragraph 11 — Graeco–German Mixed Arbitral Tribunal awards — Provision for settlement of claims by negotiation — Nature of obligation on Parties — Definition — Undertaking to confer with view to reaching an agreement — Obligation to make every reasonable effort, within a reasonable time, to reach agreement-Principles to guide negotiations.