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We explore how the initial market positioning of entrepreneurial ventures shapes how they professionalize over time, focusing specifically on the development of functional roles. In contrast to existing literature, which presumes a uniform march toward professionalization as ventures scale and complete developmental milestones, we advance a contingent perspective, distinguishing between the development of external interface functions (marketing & sales and customer development) and internal process functions (accounting, human resources, and finance). Specifically, we argue that positioning in an unconventional market space raises demand for external engagement that focuses ventures' attention and resources toward developing external interface roles. At the same time, such unconventional ventures are less apt to elaborate their internal process roles relative to more conventional peers. We test these predictions using a novel longitudinal data set on the internal organizations of 3,748 U.S.-based entrepreneurial ventures. In contrast to common assumptions of convergent professionalization, our theory and findings advance the perspective that ventures pursue divergent professionalization paths based on their initial market positioning as they scale up. Funding: This research was generously funded in part by a Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation Dissertation Fellowship awarded to the first author. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2021.1561 .

Abstract
How do collaboration and contestation evolve in a heterogeneous field with conflictual dynamics? Re-evaluating my research on agitations against gender studies within academia and the reactions of the discipline from a methodological and ethical perspective, I will show how entanglements of self- and external positionings in the course of fieldwork lead to (unexpected) constellations of (ant-)agonism, pressures and constraints, shaping not only decisions regarding collaboration and contestation, but also modes of going public. Based on these experiences, and drawing on historical as well as contemporary discourses within the ethnological disciplines, I will conclude with an attempt at conceptualization in the form of a seven-dimensional coordinate system which outlines the role of different dimensions relevant for positioning and being positioned in the field as prerequisites for decisions on collaboration and contestation.

The importance of structural versus value variables in determining political preferences is widely debated. The first ones seem to have declined substantially in favour of the second in Western countries. The possibility to generalize these findings beyond this cultural and political area is put to test in the paper through case studies - based on WVS data – on Italy and Brazil, both mostly Catholic countries. Italy is an almost exclusively Catholic country, but among Catholics a plurality of religious values and practices are observed ("internal patchwork"). On the contrary, Brazil is characterized by a plurality of religion denominations ("external patchwork") and religious values and practices are more homogeneous. Religious practices and values (the importance of religion and God, service attendance, and pray practice), on the one hand, and socio-demographic variables (level of education, gender, age and occupation), on the other, contribute differently in explaining the self-positioning on the left-right scale in the two countries. Religious variables appear to explain political positioning more effectively in Italy than in Brazil: the "internal" patchwork" is more relevant than the "external patchwork". The research contribute to broaden the discussion - through a most dissimilar research design – around a widely debated issue. Moreover, an in-depth analysis of the most important features of religiousness in the two cases is provided in the paper.

Many methods for pedestrian positioning exist. In outdoor environments, global satellite navigation systems such as GPS can give satisfactory positioning performance in many circumstances encountered by pedestrians. Pre-installed outdoor communication infrastructure, such as cellular networks or TV broadcast signals, can be leveraged for pedestrian uses. Specialized RF, ultrasound or light ranging beacons can also be installed indoors for positioning in spaces as small as individual rooms and networks of transponders can cover large installations. However, all these systems use transmitted signals that are subject to attenuation, blocking, reflection and diffraction effects, all of which can greatly reduce the accuracy and availability of range information. In contrast, Inertial Navigation Systems (INS) are "sourceless" in that they do not rely on any external transmitted signals. This explains their great utility in highend land, air, marine and space guidance, navigation and control systems, where dependingon external signals for aiding purposes might be impractical or risky. Unfortunately, for pedestrian navigation, unaided traditional INSs are of limited use. If the upper limit to the position error is set to some reasonable value, say a few metres after some 10s of minutes of self-contained navigation, either a very accurate navigation-grade INS or very frequent zero velocity updates (ZUPTs) with a tactical grade system are required. These realities, plus the fact that navigation-grade INSs will remain large, costly and power-hungry for at least another 10 years, means that traditional mechanization schemes for self-contained, personal navigation are currently impractical. The overall objective of this thesis is to investigate how low-grade, low-cost, and low-power INSs can be exploited for pedestrian positioning and in particular for first responder scenarios. To begin, a thorough bibliography of past research permits the identification of the relative merits of various technologies that have been proposed for emergency, rescue and military operations. Next, an extension to the well-studied occurrential pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) technique using headgear-mounted motion sensors is described and good distance over ground (DoG) estimation performance is demonstrated. Since it is not a simple matter to apply occurrential techniques to a large class of locomotion patterns, the foot-inertial technique is then explored as an alternative. With an IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit) attached to (and in the future, mounted in) footwear, simplified strapdown inertial navigation techniques allow for omnidirectional motion patterns, very good DoG estimates, and vertical excursion characterization. Unfortunately, large heading jumps occur indoors, caused by magnetic disturbances and by the use of a generic orientation filter. It is shown how these heading errors can be modeled and then mitigated via map filtering techniques running over minimal a priori building geometry information.

Intro -- Positioning Technology Education in the Curriculum -- PREFACE -- TABLE OF CONTENTS -- INTRODUCTION -- TEACHING ABOUT TECHNOLOGY: DEFENDING THE OBVIOUS -- DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS -- DEFINING TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION -- TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE EDUCATION -- FORMAL AND INFORMAL TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION -- CONTRIBUTING TO RESPONSIBLE CITIZENSHIP: ETHICS AND SUSTAINABILITY -- TEACHING TECHNOLOGY AS A CONTRIBUTIION TO LITERACY -- PROGRESSION IN THE CURRICULUM -- POSITIONING TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES' SCHOOL CURRICULUM -- THE FUTURE OF TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION IN THE SCHOOL CURRICULUM -- DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS -- A CONTEXT FOR CHANGE - A CHARGE TO CONSIDER -- INTRODUCTION -- PRECEDENTS -- A CONTEXT FOR CHANGE -- A CHARGE TO CONSIDER -- CLOSING THOUGHTS -- REFERENCES/BIBLIOGRAPHY -- LOOKING BACK IN ORDER TO MOVE FORWARD: The Position of Technology Education in Past Swedish Curricula -- The Position of Technology Education in Past Swedish Curricula -- THE NATURE, METHODOLOGY, AND HISTORIOGRAPHY OF SCHOOL TECHNOLOGY -- WRITING THE HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION IN TERMS OF KNOWLEDGE BASE, TEACHERS, AND EXTERNAL STAKEHOLDERS - A COMMENTED RESEARCH OVERVIEW -- TOWARDS A CONTEXTUALIST HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION - SWEDISH CIVIC EDUCATION 1920-1935 -- CONCLUSION -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- DEFINING TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION -- BLURRING THE BOUNDARIES BETWEEN HUMAN AND WORLD -- INTRODUCTION -- CONCEPTUALISING BOUNDARIES: EXPLORING THE DIVIDE BETWEEN FUNCTION AND MEANING -- CONCEPTUALISING BOUNDARIES: EXPLORING THE DIVIDE BETWEEN NATURE AND TECHNOLOGY -- CONCEPTUALISING BOUNDARIES: EXPLORING THE DIVIDE BETWEEN HUMANS AND TECHNOLOGY -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- WHERE DID TECHNOLOGY GO?: TUFF research school, Stockholm University, Sweden -- A PROPOSAL FOR A DEFINITION OF THE WORD "TECHNOLOGY".

This study uses discursive positioning theory to explore how planned change messages influence organizational members' identity and the way they experienced organizational change. Based on an in-depth case study of a home healthcare and hospice organization that engaged in a multiyear planned change process, our analysis suggests that workers experienced salient change messages as constituting unfavorable identities, which were associated with the experiences of violation, recitation, habituation, or reservation. Our study also explores the way discursive and material contexts enabled and constrained the governing board's change messages as they responded to external and internal audiences. We highlight the importance of viewing messaging as a process of information transfer as well as discursive construction, which has important implications for the way change agents approach issues of sense making, emotionality, resistance, and materiality during planned change processes.

PurposeThis paper describes research that has sought to create a formal and rational process that guides manufacturers through the strategic positioning decision.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology is based on a series of case studies to develop and test the decision process.FindingsA decision process that leads the practitioner through an analytical process to decide which manufacturing activities they should carryout themselves.Practical implicationsStrategic positioning is concerned with choosing those production related activities that an organisations should carry out internally, and those that should be external and under the ownership and control of suppliers, partners, distributors and customers.Originality/valueThis concept extends traditional decision paradigms, such as those associated with "make versus buy" and "outsourcing", by looking at the interactions between manufacturing operations and the wider supply chain networks associated with the organisation.

The article describes the descriptive characteristics of the doubling / fragmentation of regional identities and macroidentity of Ukraine as a factor in strengthening external influence. As a result of the study, it was determined that the fragmented and diffuse identity of different regions of Ukraine is related to changing the perceptions of their residents about the most acceptable vector of external (cultural and political) influence. This vector depends on the level of legitimacy of the current government and is in the spectrum of geopolitical orientations of the EU / NATO - Customs Union. Analysis of the data of empirical sociological research gives grounds to talk about the presence of an oscillating contour of moods, which determine the inclusion in the process of determining a particular external center of power from the western and central, on the one hand, and southern and eastern regions.It is emphasized that the minority of the population shares the position of limited influence on Ukraine of various alliances of states and preservation of neutral sovereignty. At the same time, the indicators of attitudes towards the EU and NATO, the Customs Union, still differ in the west and east of the country. The existence of correlative differences in foreign policy, electoral, ethno-cultural orientations, which are still recorded in empirical sociological research in the areas with the greatest commitment to the two models of ethno-social structure, state and society: national and civil territorial (Galicia and Donbass).It is noted that the instability of regional identity, as a rule, correlates with the common practices of empires in the past (feudal-monarchical and Soviet) on artificial ethno-cultural mixing and deportation of indigenous people to remote areas. It is stated that the vast majority of Ukrainians, having special cultural and linguistic characteristics, still do not have a clear political worldview, which depends on the situational situation of power and changes over time under the external influence of situational centers of power of other societies.It is emphasized that Ukraine as a society is characterized by pronounced regional and cultural differences, which were formed in connection with the special historical experience of the occupation of its various regions and their artificial territorial and political composition. The analysis showed that the idea of a common Ukrainian civic identity has partial support at the state level and is shared by the majority of Ukrainians.At the same time, it was stated that along with self-awareness as part of the Ukrainian state, for a significant part of Ukrainians, their ethnic, cultural and linguistic features are still important, which may be related to factors of belonging to a particular region. Based on this, it is concluded that the regional aspects of Ukrainian identity become a generalized determinant of the assumption of a particular center of external influence on Ukraine. ; У статті побудовано описову характеристику подвоєння/фрагментації регіональних ідентичностей та макроідентичності України як чинника посилення зовнішнього впливу. У результаті проведеного дослідження визначено, що фрагментована та дифузійна ідентичність різних регіонів України є дотичною до зміни уявлень їхніх мешканців щодо найбільш прийнятного вектору зовнішнього (культурного та політичного) впливу. Цей вектор є залежним від рівня легітимності діючої влади і перебуває в спектрі геополітичних орієнтацій ЄС/НАТО – Митний Союз. Аналіз даних емпіричних соціологічних досліджень дає підстави вести мову про наявність коливального контуру настроїв, які зумовлюють включення в процес визначення того чи іншого зовнішнього центру сили, з одного боку, західних та центральних, а з другого боку, південних та східних регіонів.Наголошено на тому, що меншість населення поділяє позицію обмеженого впливу на Україну різноманітних альянсів держав та збереження нейтрального суверенітету. При цьому показники ставлення до ЄС та НАТО, Митного Союзу, як і раніше, різняться на заході і сході країни. Констатовано наявність корелятивних відмінностей у зовнішньополітичних, електоральних, етнокультурних орієнтаціях, які фіксуються в емпіричних соціологічних дослідженнях в областях з найбільшою прихильністю до двох моделей етносоціальної структури, держави і суспільства: націократичної та цивільно-територіальної (Галичина і Донбас). Відзначено, що нестійкість регіональної ідентичності, як правило, корелює з поширеними в минулому практиками імперій (феодально-монархічної та радянської) на штучне етнокультурне міксування та депортацію автохтонного населення на віддалені території. Констатовано, що переважна більшість жителів України, володіючи особливими культурно-мовними характеристиками, як і раніше, не має чіткого політичного світогляду, який залежить від ситуаційної кон'юнктури влади і змінюється з плином часу під зовнішнім впливом ситуаційно-домінуючих центрів сили інших суспільств. Наголошено на тому, що Україна як суспільство характеризується вираженими регіональнокультурними відмінностями, які сформувалися у зв'язку з особливим історичним досвідом окупації її різних регіонів та їх штучного територіально-політичного композиціонування. Проведений аналіз показав, що ідея загальноукраїнської громадянської ідентичності має часткову підтримку на державному рівні й поділяється більшістю жителів України. Водночас констатовано, що поряд з усвідомленням себе частиною української держави для значної частини українців, як і раніше, важливими є їхні етнічні, культурні та мовні особливості, які можуть бути пов'язані з чинниками приналежності до певного регіону. На основі зазначеного зроблено висновок про те, що регіональні аспекти української ідентичності стають генералізованою детермінантою допущення того чи іншого центру зовнішнього впливу на Україну.

The article describes the descriptive characteristics of the doubling / fragmentation of regional identities and macroidentity of Ukraine as a factor in strengthening external influence. As a result of the study, it was determined that the fragmented and diffuse identity of different regions of Ukraine is related to changing the perceptions of their residents about the most acceptable vector of external (cultural and political) influence. This vector depends on the level of legitimacy of the current government and is in the spectrum of geopolitical orientations of the EU / NATO - Customs Union. Analysis of the data of empirical sociological research gives grounds to talk about the presence of an oscillating contour of moods, which determine the inclusion in the process of determining a particular external center of power from the western and central, on the one hand, and southern and eastern regions.It is emphasized that the minority of the population shares the position of limited influence on Ukraine of various alliances of states and preservation of neutral sovereignty. At the same time, the indicators of attitudes towards the EU and NATO, the Customs Union, still differ in the west and east of the country. The existence of correlative differences in foreign policy, electoral, ethno-cultural orientations, which are still recorded in empirical sociological research in the areas with the greatest commitment to the two models of ethno-social structure, state and society: national and civil territorial (Galicia and Donbass).It is noted that the instability of regional identity, as a rule, correlates with the common practices of empires in the past (feudal-monarchical and Soviet) on artificial ethno-cultural mixing and deportation of indigenous people to remote areas. It is stated that the vast majority of Ukrainians, having special cultural and linguistic characteristics, still do not have a clear political worldview, which depends on the situational situation of power and changes over time under the external influence of situational centers of power of other societies.It is emphasized that Ukraine as a society is characterized by pronounced regional and cultural differences, which were formed in connection with the special historical experience of the occupation of its various regions and their artificial territorial and political composition. The analysis showed that the idea of a common Ukrainian civic identity has partial support at the state level and is shared by the majority of Ukrainians.At the same time, it was stated that along with self-awareness as part of the Ukrainian state, for a significant part of Ukrainians, their ethnic, cultural and linguistic features are still important, which may be related to factors of belonging to a particular region. Based on this, it is concluded that the regional aspects of Ukrainian identity become a generalized determinant of the assumption of a particular center of external influence on Ukraine. ; У статті побудовано описову характеристику подвоєння/фрагментації регіональних ідентичностей та макроідентичності України як чинника посилення зовнішнього впливу. У результаті проведеного дослідження визначено, що фрагментована та дифузійна ідентичність різних регіонів України є дотичною до зміни уявлень їхніх мешканців щодо найбільш прийнятного вектору зовнішнього (культурного та політичного) впливу. Цей вектор є залежним від рівня легітимності діючої влади і перебуває в спектрі геополітичних орієнтацій ЄС/НАТО – Митний Союз. Аналіз даних емпіричних соціологічних досліджень дає підстави вести мову про наявність коливального контуру настроїв, які зумовлюють включення в процес визначення того чи іншого зовнішнього центру сили, з одного боку, західних та центральних, а з другого боку, південних та східних регіонів.Наголошено на тому, що меншість населення поділяє позицію обмеженого впливу на Україну різноманітних альянсів держав та збереження нейтрального суверенітету. При цьому показники ставлення до ЄС та НАТО, Митного Союзу, як і раніше, різняться на заході і сході країни. Констатовано наявність корелятивних відмінностей у зовнішньополітичних, електоральних, етнокультурних орієнтаціях, які фіксуються в емпіричних соціологічних дослідженнях в областях з найбільшою прихильністю до двох моделей етносоціальної структури, держави і суспільства: націократичної та цивільно-територіальної (Галичина і Донбас). Відзначено, що нестійкість регіональної ідентичності, як правило, корелює з поширеними в минулому практиками імперій (феодально-монархічної та радянської) на штучне етнокультурне міксування та депортацію автохтонного населення на віддалені території. Констатовано, що переважна більшість жителів України, володіючи особливими культурно-мовними характеристиками, як і раніше, не має чіткого політичного світогляду, який залежить від ситуаційної кон'юнктури влади і змінюється з плином часу під зовнішнім впливом ситуаційно-домінуючих центрів сили інших суспільств. Наголошено на тому, що Україна як суспільство характеризується вираженими регіональнокультурними відмінностями, які сформувалися у зв'язку з особливим історичним досвідом окупації її різних регіонів та їх штучного територіально-політичного композиціонування. Проведений аналіз показав, що ідея загальноукраїнської громадянської ідентичності має часткову підтримку на державному рівні й поділяється більшістю жителів України. Водночас констатовано, що поряд з усвідомленням себе частиною української держави для значної частини українців, як і раніше, важливими є їхні етнічні, культурні та мовні особливості, які можуть бути пов'язані з чинниками приналежності до певного регіону. На основі зазначеного зроблено висновок про те, що регіональні аспекти української ідентичності стають генералізованою детермінантою допущення того чи іншого центру зовнішнього впливу на Україну.

"Putting the right person at the right place at the right time" may be an old adage. However, for anorganization to sustain on, the statement may remain significant and relevant. When deciding theleadership to play its role and to execute its function effectively and efficiently, this maxim remains a tagline to help make the organization, particularly educational institutions, to move towards the right track.Hence, the notion of leadership and its positioning in higher education arena refers not only to thestrategic moves and tracks in meeting the unceasing demand for and a great diversification in this levelof education system (UNESCO, 1998), but also the locality of internal and external leadershippositioning that enhances growth and sustainability of the institution (Morshidi, 2009).

Purpose
In highly competitive environments, sustainability positioning is crucial for firms, as they are evaluated based on their sustainable practices. This study aims to draw on the legitimacy and information asymmetry theories to explore attributes that impact business-to-business (B2B) sustainability positioning in emerging economies, such as India, within the service industry.


Design/methodology/approach
This study used a mixed-methods exploratory research design to examine the attributes affecting sustainability positioning. In the first phase of the study, a qualitative research method was used to explore the attributes influencing B2B sustainability positioning. In the second phase, this study used these factors to develop a structural model.


Findings
A variety of attributes was critical in assessing the sustainability positioning of B2B firms. This study identified a number of factors that explain the attributes affecting sustainability positioning in B2B markets. Some of them included environmental consciousness and external assurance.


Originality/value
This study significantly contributes to the theoretical discourse on sustainable practices in B2B businesses in multiple ways. First, it provides empirical data on the relationship between firms' environmental consciousness and sustainability positioning in the B2B context, thereby adding to and expanding the current literature on this topic. Second, this study investigates the impact of external assurance on B2B firms' sustainability positioning and shows how it can enhance credibility, transparency and accountability. Finally, it analyzes sustainable positioning in the service sector, specifically in India, thereby contributing to the body of knowledge on this topic.