Suchergebnisse

China's export industries witness outbreaks of spontaneous work stoppages and strikes that are often suppressed by the local authorities, sometimes with violence. To gain a perspective on these disturbances, and on what they reveal about China's industrial relations system, it is instructive to compare China with Vietnam. Even though the two countries have emerged from similar histories of Communist Party rule, their regulation of strikes is a study in contrasts. Chinese law does not mention strike actions; Vietnam, in contrast, has legislated complex provisions intended to regulate labor discontent by providing workers with a collective bargaining platform and with strike procedures when bargaining breaks down, to reduce the occurrence of wildcat strikes. We might therefore expect fewer strikes in Vietnam, but the reverse is the case: China experiences less frequent strikes than Vietnam. Also unexpected is that, even though the strikes in Vietnam are illegal, they are unimpeded by the authorities. In China, strikes, though not categorized as illegal, are nonetheless usually suppressed vigorously. This article will compare the course of strikes in China and Vietnam and examine the underlying factors, in order to understand this contrast. (China J/GIGA)

This article examines the evidence of change and growth in the external trade of the Vale of Kashmir under the rule of the independent Sultans of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The fertility and temperate climate of the enclosed lacustrine plain ('Vale') of Kashmir, situated on a caravan-route between hot and cold zones, was capable of sustaining a considerable artisanal population. The historical vectors of an industrial expansion at the beginning of the fifteenth century included the changed political configuration of Transoxania and Iran, which followed the conquests of Amir Timur Gurkan (d.1405 AC). From this direction, innovatory techniques of manufacture and novel aesthetic criteria were probably introduced into Kashmir via the presence of recently imported artisans in Timur's new metropolis of Samarqand. Of importance among the profitable export handicrafts produced in this favourable location were the famous Kashmir shawls made from the fine hair of high-altitude ('Tibetan') goats, woven in a 'twill-tapestry' technique. The looms for these textiles, which are of a type not attested at an earlier date elsewhere on the Indian subcontinent, may be derived from those of weavers recently deported and settled in Samarqand as a result of Timur's military campaigns and conquests. The planned import into Kashmir of innovations in weaving and other handicraft industries intended for export can be attributed to the Sultan Zayn al-'Abidin (r., 1520–70 AC). There is also evidence of the continued production in Kashmir of such manufactures for export through the sixteenth century. These manufactures were of economic importance when Kashmir was annexed to the Indian Mughal Empire at the close of the sixteenth century. After the extension of Mughal rule to Kashmir, visitors to the valley noted the prosperity of Kashmiri merchants engaged in long-distance export trade.

This study seeks to estimate how global supply chain relocates emissions of tropospheric ozone precursors and its impacts in shaping ozone formation. Here we show that goods produced in China for foreign markets lead to an increase of domestic non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) emissions by 3.5 million tons in 2013; about 13% of the national total or, equivalent to half of emissions from European Union. Production for export increases concentration of NMVOCs (including some carcinogenic species) and peak ozone levels by 20–30% and 6–15% respectively, in the coastal areas. It contributes to an estimated 16,889 (3,839–30,663, 95% CI) premature deaths annually combining the effects of NMVOCs and ozone, but could be reduced by nearly 40% by closing the technology gap between China and EU. Export demand also alters the emission ratios between NMVOCs and nitrogen oxides and hence the ozone chemistry in the east and south coast.

This study seeks to estimate how global supply chain relocates emissions of tropospheric ozone precursors and its impacts in shaping ozone formation. Here we show that goods produced in China for foreign markets lead to an increase of domestic non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) emissions by 3.5 million tons in 2013; about 13% of the national total or, equivalent to half of emissions from European Union. Production for export increases concentration of NMVOCs (including some carcinogenic species) and peak ozone levels by 20–30% and 6–15% respectively, in the coastal areas. It contributes to an estimated 16,889 (3,839–30,663, 95% CI) premature deaths annually combining the effects of NMVOCs and ozone, but could be reduced by nearly 40% by closing the technology gap between China and EU. Export demand also alters the emission ratios between NMVOCs and nitrogen oxides and hence the ozone chemistry in the east and south coast.

This study seeks to estimate how global supply chain relocates emissions of tropospheric ozone precursors and its impacts in shaping ozone formation. Here we show that goods produced in China for foreign markets lead to an increase of domestic non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) emissions by 3.5 million tons in 2013; about 13% of the national total or, equivalent to half of emissions from European Union. Production for export increases concentration of NMVOCs (including some carcinogenic species) and peak ozone levels by 20-30% and 6-15% respectively, in the coastal areas. It contributes to an estimated 16,889 (3,839-30,663, 95% CI) premature deaths annually combining the effects of NMVOCs and ozone, but could be reduced by nearly 40% by closing the technology gap between China and EU. Export demand also alters the emission ratios between NMVOCs and nitrogen oxides and hence the ozone chemistry in the east and south coast.

This study seeks to estimate how global supply chain relocates emissions of tropospheric ozone precursors and its impacts in shaping ozone formation. Here we show that goods produced in China for foreign markets lead to an increase of domestic non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) emissions by 3.5 million tons in 2013; about 13% of the national total or, equivalent to half of emissions from European Union. Production for export increases concentration of NMVOCs (including some carcinogenic species) and peak ozone levels by 20-30% and 6-15% respectively, in the coastal areas. It contributes to an estimated 16,889 (3,839-30,663, 95% CI) premature deaths annually combining the effects of NMVOCs and ozone, but could be reduced by nearly 40% by closing the technology gap between China and EU. Export demand also alters the emission ratios between NMVOCs and nitrogen oxides and hence the ozone chemistry in the east and south coast.