Suchergebnisse

"This paper re-explores the relation between a country's level of wealth and the mix of products it exports. We argue that both are simultaneously determined by countries' capabilities i.e. by countries' productivity and quality levels for each good. Our theoretical setup has two features. (1) Some goods have fewer high-quality producers/countries than others i.e. there is Ricardian comparative advantage. (2) Imperfect competition allows high- and low-quality producers to coexist, which we refer to as 'product ranges'. These two features generate a very particular non-monotonic, general equilibrium relationship between a country's export mix and its wage (GDP per capita). We show that this non-monotonicity permeates the 1980-2005 international data on trade and GDP per capita. Our setup also explains two other facets of the data: (1) Product ranges are huge and (2) for the poorest third of countries, changes in export mix substantially over-predict growth in GDP per capita. This suggests that the main challenge for low-income countries is to raise quality and productivity in their existing product lines"--National Bureau of Economic Research web site

This paper attempts to understand India's import growth from the U.S. between 1991 and 2006. In particular, we analyse how the allocation of industries in the export sector, skill intensity of products, product diversification, and contributions of new products have changed as India's imports from the U.S. have grown. Our findings suggest that India's import from the U.S. in 2006 has increased in the more sophisticated product categories. Furthermore, our study finds that India has diversified in the range of products it is importing from the U.S., with new products gaining an increased share in India's import basket.

Bu yüksek lisans tezi temel olarak Türkiye'nin ihracat partnerlerinin ihracat sepetinin sofistikasyonu üzerindeki etkilerini araştırmaktadır. 1998-2011 dönemini içeren ve HS6 sınıflandırma sistemi ile elde edilen veriler kullanılarak ülke gruplarının Türkiye'nin toplam ihracatından aldıkları pay ile Türkiye'nin ihracat sepetinin niteliği arasındaki ilişkinin araştırıldığı çalışmada ayrıca, ihracat partnerlerinin ihraç mallarındaki teknoloji kullanımı üzerindeki etkisi de araştırılmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu çalışma, Türkiye'nin ihracat partnerlerinin hem ihracat sepetinin sofistikasyonu hem de ihraç ürünlerinin teknoloji kullanımı üzerinde etkileri olduğunu göstermektedir. Örneğin, Avrupa Birliği'nin Türkiye'nin toplam ihracatından aldığı payın artması hem Türkiye'nin ihracat sepetinin sofistikasyonunu hem de ihraç ürünlerinde orta-ileri ve ileri teknoloji kullanımını arttırırken bu durum MENA Bölgesi için tam tersidir. Türkiye'nin diğer ihracat partnerlerinin ihracat sepetinin sofistikasyonu ve ihraç ürünlerinin teknoloji kullanımı üzerindeki etkileri de çalışmada ayrıca sunulmuştur. ; This master thesis mainly aims to clarify the effects of export destinations of Turkey on product sophistication of its export basket with using Export data of Turkey between 1998 and 2011 with HS6 classification. Besides, effects of export destinations on technology usage of export products and how export products could be structured within country groups are also analyzed in this study by the light of the presence of relationship between export destinations and product sophistication. This study shows that export destinations of Turkey significantly matter on sophistication and technology usage of export products such that as share of European Union from Turkey's total export increases, both share of mid-high and high technology export commodities from total volume and product sophistication of export basket increase whilst it is in the opposite way for MENA. Moreover, effects of other export destinations of Turkey on both ...

AbstractInternational trade in environmental goods (EG) provides a market‐based solution to balance the development–environment relationship. How can developing economies gain new growth opportunities through trade liberalisation in the EGs? This study investigates the structural features of products and firms during the early development of China's EG trade. This study defines the import–export nexus as the product relatedness between imports and exports at the firm level, which may promote the technology spill overs and firm cooperation. This study combines two nationwide data sets and constructs a data panel covering 334 prefectures and 248 EGs during 2001–2012. The conditional logit model with fixed effects is used for coefficient estimation. Empirical results reveal that the import–export nexus promotes new EGs in domestic sectors and export baskets, primarily supported by domestic private firms. The import–export nexus allows state‐owned firms, which only represent a small market share, to enrich export baskets. It also helps foreign firms to develop new EGs in domestic sectors. These findings suggest revisiting the role of state‐owned firms in industrial policy and developing a broad list of EGs to make use of the product relatedness. These will make developing economies like China gain new growth opportunities from the EG trade.

This article is devoted to the structural analysis of goods and services export from Ukraine, identification of major barriers to the quality development of export enterprises and illustration of proposals concerning structural and geographical diversification of the national export basket. Firstly, the article identifies theoretical approaches to the diversification of foreign trade and factors influencing the level of country's export concentration. Methodological aspect of assessment of economy complexity with the help of several indices was also considered, which makes it possible to determine the relative competitive advantages of the domestic household in international markets and diversification level of country's export basket. Secondly, the dynamics and structure of Ukrainian exports of goods were analyzed, as a result of which its raw material orientation was revealed. The main share of exported products is agricultural goods and mineral resources, which negatively affects the prospects for stable innovative development of domestic processing industries. Indices of export concentration and complexity of Ukraine's economy, which indicate a low level of diversification of domestic export basket, are studied. ABC-analysis Ukrainian services' exports abroad was performed. As a result of the assessment of export activity structure, the main relative trade advantages of national economy and factors hindering the expansion of exported products range were identified. The last section of the article formulates the place of investment capital in the process of technological level increasing of domestic export basket. Ways of venture financing intensifying of innovative Ukrainian startups are identified. Reorientation institutional mechanisms and directions of geographical diversification of Ukraine's export activity are also proposed. ; Статтю присвячено структурному аналізу експорту товарів і послуг з України, визначенню основних бар'єрів стосовно якісного розвитку експортних підприємств та висвітленню пропозицій щодо структурної та географічної диверсифікації національного експортного кошику. По-перше, у статті визначаються теоретичні підходи до диверсифікації зовнішньоторговельної діяльності та фактори, що впливають на рівень концентрації експорту країни. Також було розглянуто методологічний аспект оцінки складності економіки за допомогою декількох індексів, що дають можливість визначити відносні конкурентні переваги вітчизняного господарства на міжнародних ринках та рівень диверсифікації експортного кошику країни. По-друге, проаналізовано динаміку та структуру українського експорту товарів, внаслідок чого було виявлено його сировинну спрямованість. Основну частку продукції, що вивозиться, становить сільськогосподарські товари та мінеральні ресурси, що негативно позначається на перспективах стабільного інноваційного розвитку вітчизняних переробних галузей. Досліджено індекси концентрації експорту та складність економіки України, які вказують на низький рівень диверсифікації вітчизняного експортного кошику. Здійснено ABC-аналіз експорту українських послуг закордон. В результаті оцінки структури експортної діяльності, було виділено основні відносні торговельні переваги національної економіки та фактори, що стримують розширення номенклатури експортованої продукції. В останньому розділі статті сформульовано місце інвестиційного капіталу в процесі збільшення рівня технологічності вітчизняного експортного кошику. Визначено способи активізації венчурного фінансування інноваційних українських стартапів. Також запропоновано інституційні механізми переорієнтації та напрями географічної диверсифікації експортної діяльності України.