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AbstractRecent work with Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) in development economics has contributed to economists' use of the experimental mindset to inform policy choices. Development scholars, however, question the authority of RCT evidence, and worry that the RCT trend will turn their profession away from theory and econometrics. We examine this challenge, as well as RCTs' role within the broader experimental area, with a thorough review of relevant literature. We find that generic RCT fears are overstated. Experimental methods should be evaluated as a tool to test theory, search for patterns, and to pre‐test new institutions. From this mindset, we see unexplored pathways that may benefit from the experimental mindset, further economic theory, and reduce poverty.

Following the theoretical approach of Herbold (1995), Gross and Krohn (2005), and Van de Poel et al. (2017), this article argues that nuclear waste management is a real-world experiment. Based on this first assumption, we examine how radioactive waste management (RWM) organizations conceive or organize their experiments. Through three illustrative case studies in France, Belgium and Canada, we highlight how the RWM organizations obliged to participate in complex networks and unable to completely control the experimental process, adopt two different attitudes: an "open" or "closed" experimental mindset. We argue that these mindsets provide different answers to the questions: which main variables to focus on, how and who should design them, how to deal with conflicts and unexpected events, what are the justifications for participation and expert analysis, and what are the expected outputs and outcomes. The findings underline that although some RWM organizations have -at least since the participatory turn- had some 'open' mindset moments in some cases, they quickly revert to a closed mindset. We conclude by emphasizing the need for practitioners and scholars to further examine and evaluate the virtues of the open mindset when the experimenter assumes the program has a real-world ex- perimental status. This status recognizes the limits of control over experimental conditions, allows for more substantial moral considerations when making technical choices before wider audiences and allows for collective sharing of responsibility, knowledge production and trade-offs over such a long-term and controversial program. ; Peer reviewed

An old Russian Akula submarine gets a new captain. But Captain Pavel seems to care very little about the navy or war. Indeed, he prefers to lead group discussions about spiritual matters and dresses in a cassock; his favourite pastime is shamanic drumming. The more traditional sailors begin to have doubts. The Captain believes the Earth is calling us and that we need to answer. Formally, the work is unusual in that it successfully blends a narrative drama with an experimental video approach. The artist was featured in a 6 page interview in Art Monthly Issue 390 in 2015 where the mixture of genres was discussed. The research question in 'Akula Dream' is; Can video art also contain a narrative plot? The distinctions between artist's film and artist's video have all softened in recent years. Barber's research is to propose and test a kind of hybrid, multi-form that recognises the de-historicising that has taken place and thus there is a new space to be researched. The film uses well-established actors and was shot on a real Soviet submarine. In common with the other works in Barber's Mindset Suite, e.g. 'Dude Down' or 'The Freestone Drone', 'Akula Dream' references the ubiquity of military thinking and the state of constant war that we find ourselves in. Additionally, interweaves ecological concerns but re-stages them within a submarine thriller genre. The works are in the tradition of Godardian essay films but again audiences view moving image differently and are not so invested in categories or traditions. Lastly, Barber's unusual writing style, and plot about a Russian sub Captain getting into shamanic drumming, again both reconfigure genres and make a case for a 'third space' that has elements of mainstream production but is also clearly video art. As research, 'Akula Dream has been successful; the traditional film crowd like it as it is genre-pushing by their standards, and the art crowd like it because it has pace and a plot, something of a respite in their world. It received a standing ovation at Oberhausen, Germany's oldest film festival.

AbstractBelief systems impact poverty reduction efforts, as they can enhance, or diminish, support for redistributive economic policies. We examined the predictive utility of mindsets about the changeability (growth mindsets) or the stability (fixed mindsets) of the nature of poverty in society. We conducted six studies, two pre‐registered, using both cross‐sectional (N = 763) and experimental methods (N = 1361). Growth mindsets of poverty in society predicted greater support for redistributive policies, in part through decreased blame, although there was also a small but unreliable negative indirect effect through social class essentialism. The three experimental studies, each using a different approach, were successful in manipulating mindsets of poverty. However, only the approach leveraging system justifying beliefs had implications for blame, essentialist beliefs, and indirect consequences for policy support. We discuss potential implications of this work for leveraging multiple belief systems to optimally promote support for policies designed to abolish poverty.

The present paper focuses on what psychological processes are driving people's reactions to fair and unfair events. Specifically, by extending on ideas that people's reactions to fair and unfair events consist at least partly of affect-related responses, and by adopting the assumption made in cognitive-experiential self-theory that the operation of experiential mindsets is intimately associated with affect-related experiences, we formulate the hypothesis that individual differences in affect intensity will moderate reactions to fair and unfair events. Introducing a novel manipulation of experiential and rationalistic mindsets to the research literature, the findings of two studies indeed reveal that especially for people in experiential (vs. rationalistic) mindsets negative affective reactions to fair and unfair events increase with high (vs. low) scores on affect intensity. Implications for the literature on social justice, experiential mindsets, and affect intensity are discussed.

In the current research, we investigate the effects of breaks—temporary recesses in which participants stop interacting and withdraw from the situation—on negotiation processes and outcomes. We conducted two laboratory experiments in which participants engaged in buyer-seller negotiations. Experiment 1 (N = 140) showed that dyads reached higher-quality agreements after a break in which they were cognitively busy with a distraction task than after a break in which they could reflect upon the negotiation. Experiment 2 (N = 76) showed that competitive thinking during a break lead to lower-quality agreements than cooperative thinking during the break. It seems that the negative effects of competitive thoughts during a break can be compensated by turning one's mind to other issues than the negotiation, or by actively engaging in cooperative thinking.

Front Cover -- Advances in Experimental Social Psychology -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter One: Contextualized Attitude Change -- 1. The Representational Theory of Contextualized Attitude Change -- 1.1. Contextual Renewal -- 1.2. Attention to Context -- 1.3. Mere Attention or Causal Attribution? -- 2. Mental Representation of Contextualized Attitudes -- 2.1. Constrained vs Direct Activation of Valence -- 2.2. Abstract vs Specific Representation of Evaluative Information -- 3. Pertinent Questions -- 3.1. Is There Evidence for Valence Asymmetries? -- 3.2. Which Context Features Determine the Activation of Contextualized Representations? -- 3.3. Are There Individual Differences? -- 3.4. Are There Cultural Differences? -- 4. Theoretical Challenges -- 5. Future Directions -- 5.1. Spontaneous vs Deliberate Evaluations -- 5.2. Associative vs Propositional Learning -- 5.3. From Social to Nonsocial Objects -- 6. Implications -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter Two: Unpacking the Inequality Paradox: The Psychological Roots of Inequality and Social Class -- 1. Psychological Conceptions of Social Hierarchy, Power, and Class -- 2. Empirical Traditions in the Study of Hierarchy Maintenance -- 3. An Inequality Maintenance Model of Social Class -- 4. The Structural Barriers That Define Social Class -- 4.1. Hypothesis I: Social Institutions Produce Threat Orientations Among Lower-Class Individuals That Inhibit Achievement ... -- 4.2. Hypothesis II: Lower-Class Environments Create Scarcity Mindsets That Impair Social and Economic Aspirations -- 4.3. Hypothesis III: Upper-Class Environments Produce Cumulative (Dis)Advantage Through Access to Valued Social Networks ... -- 5. Perceptual Processes of Inequality Maintenance -- 5.1. Hypothesis IV: Social Class Is Signaled and Accurately Perceived During the Early Stages of Social Perception

Title page -- Table of Contents -- Copyright -- Contributors -- Chapter One: The Functional Theory of Counterfactual Thinking: New Evidence, New Challenges, New Insights -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Statement of the Theory -- 3 Core Evidence -- 4 Challenges to the Theory -- 5 New Evidence From Other Disciplines of Psychology -- 6 Synthesis and Revised Theory -- 7 Coda -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter Two: Stereotype Threat and Learning -- Abstract -- 1 Stereotype Threat and Performance: The Process -- 2 The Integrated Process Model -- 3 Stereotype Threat and Executive Functions -- 4 Stereotype Threat and Procedural Tasks -- 5 Stereotype Threat Spillover Effects -- 6 Visual Search -- 7 Seeking Feedback When Experiencing Stereotype Threat -- 8 How Feedback Is Perceived When Stereotypic Expectations Are Salient -- 9 Discounting Performance Feedback and Devaluing the Performance Domain -- 10 How Feedback Can Improve Outcomes Under Stereotype Threat -- 11 Removing Cues to Stereotype Threat in the Learning Environment -- 12 Changing the Content and Pedagogical Approach to Foster Better Learning Outcomes -- 13 Adopting a Growth Mindset When Learning -- 14 Self-Affirmation and Academic Achievement -- 15 Conclusion -- Chapter Three: Changing Our Implicit Minds: How, When, and Why Implicit Evaluations Can Be Rapidly Revised -- Abstract -- 1 What Counts as a First Impression? -- 2 Theoretical Perspectives on Implicit Impression Change -- 3 Our Approach -- 4 Three Routes to Rapid Revision of Implicit Evaluations -- 5 Common Questions, Misperceptions, and Theoretical Issues -- 6 Summary and Conclusions -- Chapter Four: The Motivational Underpinnings of Belief in God -- Abstract -- 1 What Kinds of Gods Do People Believe in? -- 2 Why Do People Believe in These Gods? -- 3 The Need for Structure

This study aims to find out how to stimulate Early Childhood Mindset in Theodeosius kindergarten through affective education. This research is qualitative research. Data analysis is done by reducing data, presenting data, and drawing conclusions. The research findings show that students are very enthusiastic about following the activities of the teacher with pleasure, happiness and not feeling burdened from the beginning of the activity to the end, students can take part in the activities of the teacher well. The efforts made by TK Theodosius educators are good, so that it can be said that the teacher's efforts to train children's independence are maximized. The students have begun to instill Pancasila values in their daily lives, namely Godhead, Humanity, the Value of Unity, People's Value, and Social Justice. Keywords: Affective Education, Early Childhood Mindset Stimulation, Understanding Pancasila. References Abramson, L., Daniel, E., & Knafo-noam, A. (2018). 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Recent research has suggested conflicting evidence on how consumers respond to threat (from diseases) concerning their product preferences. Specifically, consumers might exhibit higher versus lower preferences for typical (vs. atypical) products. Drawing upon the literature on consumption-based affect regulation and consumers' mindset, this research seeks to reconcile these seemingly conflicting findings by establishing the moderating role of consumers' mindset. In three experimental studies, we show that among consumers with a fixed (vs. growth) mindset, perceived threat of COVID-19 would lead to higher (vs. lower) preferences for typical products. Furthermore, these divergent effects are explained by two distinct affect regulation strategies. The effect of threat among consumers with a growth (vs. fixed) mindset will be mediated by regaining a sense of control (vs. self-protection). These findings contribute the literature on disease cues, affect regulation, and consumers' mindset, and offer practical implications for marketers during COVID-19 pandemic.

AbstractOne challenge in promoting mental health help‐seeking behaviors is the masculine norm ingrained in the U.S. Using experimental data, this article examines how fresh start mindset (FSM) framing can be effective in helping reduce the stigma associated with mental health help‐seeking behaviors and increase the promotion of positive attitudes and word‐of‐mouth of the mental health messages among men (vs. women). This study uniquely reveals that FSM framing in mental health ad campaigns might help men switch from the mindset that mental health help‐seeking behaviors equate to showing weakness to one of help‐seeking behaviors as a fresh start. Further, this study demonstrates that males with high issue involvement levels and females with low issue involvement levels respond to FSM framing more favorably. Thus, issue involvement levels form the critical boundary conditions. The authors also reveal that attitudes toward the ads operate as an underlying mechanism in FSM framing effects on responses.

The article of record as published may be found at https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-019-09646-7 ; Contributing to abusive supervision, creative leadership, and negative creativity research, we examine how and when leaders' creative mindset relates to interpersonal aggression toward followers in the form of abusive supervision. Drawing upon moral disengagement theory, we theorize that leaders' daily creative mindset positively relates to daily episodes of abusive supervision via state-based moral disengagement. Furthermore, we propose that trait-based moral disengagement moderates this indirect process such that low trait-based moral disengagement diminishes this effect. We found support for our hypotheses using a longitudinal study with a daily data collection over a 2-week period (Study 1) and an experimental study (Study 2). Our findings reveal the potential perils of leader creativity in leader-follower contexts and the importance of considering the moral disengagement process. ; This research was supported by grants funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 71872190 and 71502179), Guangdong Province Higher Vocational Colleges and Schools Pearl River Scholar Funded Scheme (2018), and a Fulbright Scholarship sponsored by the U.S. government, awarded to Xin Qin, and grants by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 71402164, 71732008, and 71772160), awarded to Song Wang.

We explored whether believing that people have the capacity to adapt and grow (i.e., growth mindset) might help to shape White Americans' intentions to engage in interracial contact. Across four studies ( N = 621), growth mindsets of people were positively associated with intentions to engage in positive interracial contact. In Studies 2–4, in an attempt to explore causation, we successfully manipulated mindsets. Although these manipulations did not robustly predict interracial contact intentions, they did indirectly predict contact intentions through self-reported growth mindsets. In Studies 3–4, the growth mindset experimental condition also indirectly and serially predicted more positive interracial contact intentions through positive expectations and lower levels of intergroup anxiety. This work makes both theoretical and practical advances in the effort to encourage White Americans to engage in positive interracial contact.

Planned giving, including charitable remainder trusts, charitable gift annuities, remainder interest deeds, donor advised funds, and gifts of appreciated stocks and bonds, can offer substantial benefits to donors and provide needed support to charities. However, presenting complex charitable planning options creates unique challenges. Past experimental work demonstrates that social or emotional concerns motivate charitable giving decisions, but that financial or monetary reminders promote a market‐exchange mentality reducing both social concern and charitable donations. Consequently, some recommend eliminating references to tax benefits when introducing charitable planning options. Yet, tax benefits may be a motivational and socially acceptable form of donor benefit because they cost the charity nothing. A series of experiments measuring interest in pursuing various planned giving arrangements demonstrates that although using technical financial terms—including even the technically correct name of the instrument—does reduce interest, referencing tax benefits increases interest. Gratuitous technical finance references may engender a market‐exchange mindset and thereby reduce charitable interest. However, a simple description of donor tax benefits—a socially acceptable benefit also relevant for a market‐exchange mindset—can still motivate charitable giving. The experimental results suggest that when initially describing complex charitable options, practitioners should avoid technical financial terminology, but should mention, and even lead with, tax benefits.

Managerial and Behavioral Economics have received increasing attention in academia and in the private sector. For example, companies are incorporating behavioral findings into actively designing the environment for their employees, to account for social preferences, such as positive and negative reciprocity, or to enhance individual or team performance. Many of those approaches are successful, despite lacking a monetary incentive, and thus, conflict with standard economic theory. Therefore, fundamental behavioral research, as presented by three essays in this thesis, is important for uncovering basic human decision-making mechanisms. These essays utilize the experimental method, which offers control of various confounding factors, enabling the identification of causal relationships. The first three essays challenge rational economic models, and show results that can be explained only by incorporating behavioral theories. The last essay is a methodological approach to further develop experimental software. The common factor of all studies is an interdisciplinary perspective: Essay 1 investigates a longstanding question of Economics, pairing it with a mechanism prominent in Psychology, and measuring an outcome inspired by Philosophy. Essays 2 and 3 go beyond the model of the Homo oeconomicus to analyze teamwork and the role of intentions. Essay 4 concludes this dissertation, by including aspects of Computer Science to illustrate how current software can be extended to allow for interactive online experiments, which will be increasingly relevant in the future. In essay 1, we investigate how the market mechanism influences moral decision making. This question is a longstanding one, which is receiving increasing attention due to our rapidly progressing society. We are driving towards a global economy, where markets are penetrating more and more aspects of daily life. For example, our social lives are dragged toward online platforms, which are launching efforts to monetize social interactions in the forms of likes and followers, and selling products in the process. Thus, it is important to understand the implications of an increasingly market-centric society for our moral standards. In a large online experiment, we expose a non-standard subject pool to either a market or a non-market condition, and elicit decisions about a subsequent moral dilemma. We hypothesize that markets foster a cost-benefit analysis mindset, which materializes in changing behavior in the dilemma. In comparison to the baseline, and in line with our hypothesis, we find a substantial effect after the participants are exposed to the market game. However, the non-market control setting shows a similar increase, and thus, excludes a treatment effect. In essay 2, we analyze how social preferences translate into output in a modified teamwork setting. In most firms, the product of a teamwork situation is essential for successful operation. However, in a large number of cases, teamwork itself is a prerequisite for future individual performance. Examples involve helping on the job, internal knowledge sharing, or peer coaching. Those scenarios are still neglected in the literature. Therefore, we investigate how social preferences translate in such modified teamwork settings into future individual performance. In a lab-in-the-field setting, we observe students of Mathematics who work jointly on problem sets, to prepare them for future individual exams. Contrary to our hypothesis, we find that conditional cooperators are not more successful jointly or individually. Instead, people categorized as free riders excel in individual performance without causing negative externalities on their peers in the teamwork phase. In essay 3, we investigate how intentions influence punishment behavior. Almost all decisions in daily life and within companies are made facing alternatives. In that sense, decisions can be evaluated regarding the underlying intentions. By actively framing the choice set, decision makers might be able to cast their actions in a better light than appropriate. In a laboratory experiment, we investigate the role of intentions in situations where it is possible to disguise the underlying motives. We find that assessing intentions plays a major role in punishing behavior. This seems to be common knowledge among humans, as the participants extensively make use of the possibility to disguise. Interestingly, the sanctions for such malign behavior are limited, even in cases of discovery, which makes this strategy quite efficient. The results shed some light on recent political developments, in which some politicians do not lose touch with voters, even when the politicians are obviously dishonest about their intentions. In essay 4, we demonstrate a novel way to extend oTree to allow for real-time interactions in online settings, such as Amazon's Mechanical Turk. As a proof-of-concept, we run a series of double auction markets to show that the software works as intended, and that the results are comparable to the literature. We further share important insights into how to conduct interactive games online with large groups. The trend of online experiments paired with accessible software solutions provides various advantages for academic research: Experiments can be conducted with non-standard subject pools, and reduced costs make sufficiently powered studies affordable. It also provides researchers in various parts of the world the opportunity to participate in social science research. To facilitate this trend, we make the code accessible under an open-source license.