Suchergebnisse

The aim of the paper is to present the European gigabit society which is perceived by European Union's leaders as a model of the future European society and economy. It is based on new digital technologies of the XXI century and on new, very high capacity mobile telecommunications networks. The rapid growth of information being processed and transmitted through electronic communications networks needs new high-speed and highly reliable broadband networks essential to economic growth, competitiveness and innovation as well as better quality products, services and the citizen's satisfaction. The 5G communications network is the solution which is perceived as a type of network which should resolve these problems. In the paper the concept of the European gigabit society is clarifi ed, the 5G technology and its level of development in the European Union and in its Member States are described including Poland vis-à-vis the rest of the world. The European gigabit society is already under development and the 5G communication network is crucial to its success. It should be widely available in Europe including Poland. The paper is based on the analysis of offi cial documents of the European Union and its Member States including Poland, offi cial reports of the most active electronic telecommunications companies providing and implementing 5G technologies and on talks with representatives of some of the ones which are active on the Polish market.

Artykuł jest poświęcony statusowi Europejskiego Banku Centralnego w Europejskim Systemie Banków Centralnych. Autor omówił skład i kompetencje organu, jego funkcje i zadania, wewnętrzne organy decyzyjne i tryb postępowania. Ukazano też powiązanie z systemem krajowychbanków centralnych, w tym aktualny status Narodowego Banku Polskiego i zmiany konstytucyjne, konieczne w przyszłości dla wprowadzenia w Polsce waluty euro.

Territorial self-government is one of the fundamental institutions of a modern democratic state of law. There are numerous European traditions of self-government that have produced different concepts and, consequently, different theories of territorial self-government. The most important ones include the naturalist, state, and political theories. Each of them shows a different picture of the origin, essence and the scope of legal personality a territorial self-government has, of local communities, the position of the administrative unit of the commune and higher units. Depending on the concept one chooses, political and organizational solutions are differentiated, as are the tasks of territorial self-government units, the competences of its organs and the authority of state organs to exercise control and supervision. On the basis of the solutions adopted in every country, and at a given level of development of the state, the degree of decentralization of power, the degree of autonomy, self-reliance and independence of territorial self-government is determined.