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Graphic design can be described as a "language of vision". The primary goal is to communicate ideas and information effectively and efficiently using standard design principles, but there is a need to consider who might be excluded from accessing information when designing in a visual language. Following the social model of disability, inclusive design and accessible design both centre the idea that design needs to support and accommodate each individual user's needs and preferences. When graphic designers consider accessibility and inclusivity in their work, the result is a better experience for all, including people with disabilities and anyone who relies on accessible delivery of information. However, research suggests a lack of consideration has been given to accessibility in graphic design and many designers don't have the knowledge or experience to implement accessible design processes into their design solutions. This research explores how graphic designers learn about, interpret, and implement accessibility standards into practice. The use of participatory research methods resulted in a rich depth of understanding regarding the spectrum of knowledge, attitudes, and mindsets surrounding accessible design. The design outcome is a framework and set of recommendations on how government can support the graphic design industry in integrating accessible design into the graphic design ethos. The recommendations are intended to address the challenges and barriers graphic designers currently face, and to reflect the specific supports the design industry in B.C. needs to meet internationally recognized accessibility standards and to encourage thinking beyond accessibility legislation compliance.

This Note provides an analysis of Mexico's Telesecundaria program within the context of Mexico's new education reform framework offering a succinct background of the project, as well as key policy lessons that can be useful for other jurisdictions interested in the development of distance education programs. This Note uses a literature and data analysis review approach, as well as qualitative analysis of interview data collected recently in Mexico by the authors. The Note positions pedagogical approaches to distance education within the context of developments in communication, internet access and renewable energy technologies, as well as within the challenges of the digital divide as means of powering digital access to information and education to remote, rural and marginalized communities.LE PROGRAMME TELESECUNDARIA AU MEXIQUE ET L'ACCÈS ÉQUITABLE AUX RESSOURCES Dans cette note du terrain, les auteurs effectuent une analyse du programme mexicain Telesecundaria dans le contexte du nouveau cadre de la réforme en éducation au Mexique. Ils présentent un bref aperçu du projet, ainsi que les leçons-clés qui pourraient s'avérer utiles en termes de politiques dans d'autres juridictions intéressées par le développement de programmes de formation à distance. Cette note est basée sur une approche de revue de la littérature et d'analyse des données. Elle s'appuie également sur l'analyse qualitative de données recueillies lors d'entrevues réalisées par les auteurs au Mexique. Cette note situe les approches pédagogiques en éducation à distance dans le contexte de développement des communications, d'accès à Internet et de technologies des énergies renouvelables. Elle les positionne aussi en fonction des défis engendrés par la fracture numérique comme moyen d'améliorer l'accès numérique à l'information et l'éducation des communautés éloignées, rurales et marginalisées. ; Dans cette note du terrain, les auteurs effectuent une analyse du programme mexicain Telesecundaria dans le contexte du nouveau cadre de la réforme en éducation au Mexique. Ils présentent un bref aperçu du projet, ainsi que les leçons-clés qui pourraient s'avérer utiles en termes de politiques dans d'autres juridictions intéressées par le développement de programmes de formation à distance. Cette note est basée sur une approche de revue de la littérature et d'analyse des données. Elle s'appuie également sur l'analyse qualitative de données recueillies lors d'entrevues réalisées par les auteurs au Mexique. Cette note situe les approches pédagogiques en éducation à distance dans le contexte de développement des communications, d'accès à Internet et de technologies des énergies renouvelables. Elle les positionne aussi en fonction des défis engendrés par la fracture numérique comme moyen d'améliorer l'accès numérique à l'information et l'éducation des communautés éloignées, rurales et marginalisées.

Equitable health care is a basic right for citizens and must be fulfilled by the government. This research analyzed communitydiscrepancy in access to reach health services in public hospitals and Puskesmas (health centers) in Banyuwangi Regency.This research identified community accessibility to health facilities services using travel time and transport modes choiceas indicators. Flowmap tool is used to analyze catchment area of each health facility using different transport modes choice:becak and public transport for poor group and motorcycle and car for non-poor group with different travel time within 30, 60 and more than 60 minutes. It is concluded that there was an accessibility difference between poor and non-poor group. The accessibility to the health facilities of poor group was lower than non-poor group. This condition occurred because the government policy of equitable access to health service facility did not pay attention to accessibility of poor group.

2.5.1 -- Criteria Used to Inform Subsidy Decisions2.5.2 -- Threshold for Value for Money; 2.5.3 -- Considering Multiple Criteria in Decision-making; 2.6 -- Whoâ#x80;#x99;s involved? Stakeholders at the table; 2.7 -- Future directions in health technology assessment for high cost medicines; 2.8 -- Summary; References; Chapter 3 -- High-Cost Medicines in England; 3.1 -- Introduction; 3.2 -- Background; 3.2.1 -- Policy in History; 3.2.2 -- National Arrangements; 3.2.3 -- NICE Guidance; 3.2.4 -- The Carter Review; 3.3 -- High-cost drugs; 3.3.1 -- Specialised Services; 3.3.2 -- Cancer Drugs Fund

Compares access to government information on the Internet in academic and government libraries with that of public libraries; based on a survey of depository libraries, 1996-97. Some focus on fees for service.

AbstractWe urgently need to put the concept of resilience into practice if we are to prepare our communities for climate change and exacerbated natural hazards. Yet, despite the extensive discussion surrounding community resilience, operationalizing the concept remains challenging. The dominant approaches for assessing resilience focus on either evaluating community characteristics or infrastructure functionality. While both remain useful, they have several limitations to their ability to provide actionable insight. More importantly, the current conceptualizations do not consider essential services or how access is impaired by hazards. We argue that people need access to services such as food, education, health care, and cultural amenities, in addition to water, power, sanitation, and communications, to get back some semblance of normal life. Providing equitable access to these types of services and quickly restoring that access following a disruption are paramount to community resilience. We propose a new conceptualization of community resilience that is based on access to essential services. This reframing of resilience facilitates a new measure of resilience that is spatially explicit and operational. Using two illustrative examples from the impacts of Hurricanes Florence and Michael, we demonstrate how decisionmakers and planners can use this framework to visualize the effect of a hazard and quantify resilience‐enhancing interventions. This "equitable access to essentials" approach to community resilience integrates with spatial planning, and will enable communities not only to "bounce back" from a disruption, but to "bound forward" and improve the resilience and quality of life for all residents.

BACKGROUND:While South Africa spends approximately 7.4% of GDP on healthcare, only 43% of these funds are spent in the public system, which is tasked with the provision of care to the majority of the population including a large proportion of those in need of antiretroviral treatment (ART). South Africa is currently debating the introduction of a National Health Insurance (NHI) system. Because such a universal health system could mean increased public healthcare funding and improved access to human resources, it could improve the sustainability of ART provision. This paper considers the minimum resources that would be required to achieve the proposed universal health system and contrasts these with the costs of scaled up access to ART between 2010 and 2020. METHODS: The costs of ART and universal coverage (UC) are assessed through multiplying unit costs, utilization and estimates of the population in need during each year of the planning cycle. Costs are from the provider's perspective reflected in real 2007 prices. RESULTS: The annual costs of providing ART increase from US$1 billion in 2010 to US$3.6 billion in 2020. If increases in funding to public healthcare only keep pace with projected real GDP growth, then close to 30% of these resources would be required for ART by 2020. However, an increase in the public healthcare resource envelope from 3.2% to 5%-6% of GDP would be sufficient to finance both ART and other services under a universal system (if based on a largely public sector model) and the annual costs of ART would not exceed 15% of the universal health system budget. CONCLUSIONS: Responding to the HIV-epidemic is one of the many challenges currently facing South Africa. Whether this response becomes a "resource for democracy" or whether it undermines social cohesiveness within poor communities and between rich and poor communities will be partially determined by the steps that are taken during the next ten years. While the introduction of a universal system will be complex, it could generate a health system responsive to the needs of all South Africans.